“Can volunteer work help me get a job in my field?”: On learning, immigration and labour markets
Daniel Schugurensky, Bonnie Slade and Yang Luo
Ontario Institute for Studies in Education / University of Toronto Abstract
Often times, new immigrants to Canada are encouraged to perform volunteer work in order to gain sufficient ‘Canadian experience’ to improve their access to the Canadian labour market. Many of these immigrants experience the paradox of ‘occupational skidding. Canadian immigration policy makes a priority in attracting highly educated and highly skilled immigrants to Canada, but they end up working in a different field to which they have training, talent and expertise. This leads to a lose-lose-lose situation, as it is a net loss for the country of origin, for Canada, and for the migrants themselves.
This case study is part of a larger research on the connections between informal learning and volunteer work, which in turn is part of the WALL (Work and Lifelong Learning) research project. It was conducted in partnership with A Commitment to Training and Employment for Women (ACTEW). The methodology for data collection included interviews and focus groups with 45 immigrants from 17 different countries. It also included a focus group with representatives from social agencies serving new immigrants. This paper focusses on the learning dimension of the volunteer experience. It examines what was learned through the volunteer placements, how that learning was acquired, and what impact the learning had on their ability to find paid employment appropriate to their education and work experience. Particular attention was paid to issues of de-skilling, up-skilling and re-skilling.
Introduction
Each year, thousands of immigrants encounter daunting barriers in their attempts to find jobs that are meaningful and appropriate to their qualifications, training and work experience Among these barriers are the non-recognition of foreign credentials, linguistic difficulties, limited networks, and lack of Canadian experience. To overcome some of these challenges, a common strategy that is both facilitated by community agencies and solicited by individuals is to do volunteer work (Teo 2004, Couton 2002). Although there are many studies on voluntary work in Canada, little is known yet about the extent, modes and effectiveness of volunteers acquisition of new skills, knowledge, attitudes and values, and the relationship between formal, nonformal and informal learning in this process. This study examined the connections between informal learning and volunteer work among immigrants who volunteered to improve access to the labour market. The focus on recent immigrants is particularly relevant given analyses suggesting that lack of recognition of their credentials and prior learning now costs Canadian society about $15 billion annually (Reitz, 2001a). This paper will provide a context, describe the study and provide a preliminary discussion of the findings drawing on data from the National Survey of Learning and Work (Livingstone et al., 2004). Context
The explicit goal of Canadian immigration policy is to attract the ‘best and the brightest’ (Government of Canada, 2002). Approximately 200,000 immigrants come to Canada every year classified into three broad categories: Economic Class (skilled workers, business immigrants,
1
live-in caregivers, provincial nominees and their spouses), Family Class (spouses, partners, children, parents and grandparents of existing Canadian citizens) and Protected Persons (refugees). The largest category (about 60% of all immigrants) belongs to the Economic Class (CIC, 2004). All skilled workers are assessed through a Point System in which points are awarded for education, work experience, age, English and French language facility, arranged employment in Canada, and the educational qualifications of their partner or spouse. The result of this selection process has been the creation of a large pool of highly educated newcomers. According to the 2001 Census, 40% of immigrants aged 25-54 who came to Canada during the 1990s had a university degree, compared to 23% Canadian-born of the same age group (Statistics Canada, 2003a).
In a recent speech, federal Minister of Immigration and Citizenship Joe Volpe noted that Canadian companies are wasting a valuable resource the country has worked hard to build up by not recognizing the skills and work experience of skilled immigrants, who are earning a living, but are underused (Laidlaw, 2005). Indeed, available research indicates that immigrant education and experience is consistently undervalued in Canada (Alboim & The Maytree Foundation, 2002; Reitz, 2001b; Li, 2001; Basran & Li, 1998; Boyd & Thomas, 2002). The links between immigration status, unemployment, poverty and racial origin in Canada have been researched and it has been shown that there is a racialized and gendered labour market where people of colour, particularly women, are over-represented in low paid occupations in low income sectors (Ornstein, 2000; Galabuzi, 2001; Kunz et al., 2000; Jackson, 2002). According to the Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants to Canada (LSIC), although 76% of new immigrants have at least one type of international credential, 70% experienced barriers in gaining access to the Canadian labour market at an appropriate level (Statistics Canada, 2003b). The biggest barrier to finding appropriate employment for immigrant professionals was the lack of Canadian work experience (Statistics Canada, 2003b). The survey also revealed that immigrants experience occupational skidding (Kofman, 1999), as six out of ten immigrants who were employed at the time of the survey were not working in the profession or occupation in which they were educated and experienced (Statistics Canada, 2003b). Moreover, a survey of internationally trained engineers from more than 60 countries carried out in 2004 showed that 54% of the sample was unemployed, 30% were in survival and non-engineering jobs, and 16% were employed in engineering-related jobs (Dang, 2005). Volunteering among Immigrants to Canada
There is a limited academic literature on the volunteer work of immigrants in Canada. Most of the writing on this topic has been produced by community organizations who deliver programs for immigrants. Although some researchers have investigated the role of volunteering in improving job prospects (Devlin, 2001) and the relationship between volunteering and the labour market (Vaillancourt, 1994), very few studies have specifically dealt with the issue of immigrants who volunteer for Canadian work experience, and even less on the learning dimension of this process.
In the last two decades, Statistics Canada has undertaken three large national surveys on volunteerism. The last one (Statistics Canada, 2001), which was the only one that collected data on the volunteer activities of new immigrants, reported an increase in volunteering for the purposes of finding paid employment, and that a significant number of immigrant volunteers (30%) believed that volunteering would increase their chances of finding suitable employment.
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For many new immigrants, volunteerism is understood as work that is freely chosen, not financially compensated and undertaken in order to increase employability. This conceptualization deviates from standard definitions that only consider volunteer work if it is based on altruism and benefits the community (Lukka & Ellis, 2001; Graff, 2004). Immigrants in search of Canadian work experience do not fit into this commonsense notion of volunteer work and hence their experiences are often ignored in the literature on volunteerism (Oesterle et al, 2004; Reed & Selbee, 2001; Handy & Srinivasan, 2004).
Background: Volunteer workers and the economy
Voluntary work has been the hallmark of Canadian society (Brown et al, 2000). Canadians engage in a wide range of volunteer activities in their communities. According to the last available data, 6.5 million Canadians (27% of the population aged 15 and older) volunteered their services through groups or organizations. This figure does not include those who volunteer on their own, and not through an organization (8 out of 10 Canadians, or 77% of the population).
Although 27% is an impressive rate, it represents a decline from 1997, when 7.5 million people (31% of the population) reported to volunteer. Overall, voluntary work is freely chosen, although about 7% of those who volunteer fulfill a requirement of an educational institution, an employer or a government agency (e.g. mandatory community service).
The economic value of volunteer contributions has only recently been documented, and the emerging findings cannot be trivialized. A recent study of 22 OECD countries estimates that volunteer contributions (made by approximately 28% of the population) were equivalent to 10.6 million full-time jobs and their value added amounted to $840 billion, representing 3.5% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of those countries (Salamon et al. 1999). In Canada, Statistics Canada reports that volunteer work contributes the equivalent of close to 600,000 full-time jobs per year, which represents 11% of the total labour contribution, and an addition of about $13 billion to the national economy. Moreover, volunteers contribute significant amounts to the economy in out-of-pocket expenses ($841 million in the late 1980s) that are not reimbursed (Hall, McKeown and Roberts 2001; Livingstone 2001, Quarter 1994, Ross and Shillington 1990, Duchesne 1989).
There are many reasons why people choose to volunteer, ranging from feelings of personal connection or obligation to an organization to the desire for personal or professional selfdevelopment, or the need to maintain social connections. According to Statistics Canada, the reason most often cited is to help a cause they believe in (95%). Approximately 81% volunteer because they want to put their skills and experience into use, 69% because they are personally affected by the cause the organization supports, 57% because they see it as an opportunity to explore their own strengths; and 23% because they wanted to improve their job opportunities.
These reasons vary by factors such as age, employment status and immigration. For instance, 55% of young volunteers (aged 15-24) and 30% of volunteer immigrants do so to improve their job opportunities (versus 16% for non-youth volunteers and 23% for volunteers overall). In todays economy, volunteering is increasingly viewed as a way to enhance job opportunities, particularly among unemployed. While in 1997 approximately half of those unemployed surveyed (54%) held this belief, by 2000 the percentage increased to almost two- thirds of the sample (62%). The connection between volunteering and successful search for employment is most noticeable among young people (aged 15-24) who are looking for work: more than three quarters (78%) stated that volunteering would assist them in finding a job. Employed volunteers (particularly younger ones) report that volunteering provides them with
3
the opportunity to learn skills that they can use in their jobs (Hall, McKeown and Roberts 2001). Immigrants tend to volunteer less than Canadian-born people (18% v. 31% in 1997), and those who do it to improve their job prospects tend to use it as a strategy to gain the Canadian experience so desired by employers. One of the reasons that explain the lower participation of immigrants in voluntary activities is that they do not know how to become involved and that they have limited social networks (Brouwer, 1999; (Canadian Heritage, 1994; Training and Development Associates, 1998). Paradoxically, at the same time that immigrants are becoming more and more qualified, they are less likely to find a job in their intended occupation. Between 1969 and 1971, about 61% of immigrants who came to Canada between had jobs in their intended occupation. After 1976, only 47% of the men and 26% of the women had jobs in their intended occupations after one year (Training and Development Associates, 1998). This raises questions about recognition of credentials and prior learning, but also about economic waste, as Canadian society is losing (and this has been estimated in billions of dollars) the potential contribution of those immigrants. For this particular study, a key issue is to what extent the voluntary work done by immigrants to gain access to the labour market is appropriate and relevant for this purpose, and what policies and programs could help to improve this experience for both immigrants and future employers.
Likewise, informal learning acquired through volunteer work in co-operative housing and in community development projects is not usually recognized explicitly neither by the organization or by the volunteers themselves. An examination of the processes and outcomes of that learning could provide them with some strategies to complement it with non-formal training programs (making training of volunteers more effective and relevant), and to develop some mechanisms for assessment and recognition (making this learning transferable to other settings). The Study
The Informal Learning of Volunteer Workers study is one of thirteen in a larger project entitled Changing Working Conditions and Lifelong Learning in the New Economy, coordinated by the Centre for the Study of Education and Work of the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto. The main concern of the larger project is an exploration of the current forms, contents, and outcomes of organized educational, training and informal learning activities in Canadas new economy.
Our study was conducted in partnership with A Commitment to Training and Employment for Women (ACTEW), a non-governmental organization that delivers employment and training services to women. The first draft of the interview guide was reviewed in a focus group with 15 representatives from community-based agencies. After the interview guide was finalized, 38 semi-structured interviews were conducted with volunteers who were
Fundamentals Of Reimbursement In Healthcare college admissions essay help
Task Type:Individual Project Deliverable Length:4 paragraphs
Points Possible:100 Due Date:2/22/2015 11:59:59 PM CT[removed]
Weekly tasks or assignments (Individual or Group Projects) will be due by Monday and late submissions will be assigned a late penalty in accordance with the late penalty policy found in the syllabus. NOTE: All submission posting times are based on midnight Central Time.
provides an integrated delivery system (IDS) that offers a variety of medical services to a diverse population. In your role at the hospital, you must communicate specific information to patients about their insurance coverage so that your facility will be correctly reimbursed.
The example health care company Web site provides different policies on all five health care insurance plans (e.g., Medicare, Medicaid, TRICARE, worker’s compensation, and commercial insurance).
Complete the following as you would respond to patients:
Explain the billing process.
Explain what provider-based billing is and what the patient can expect.
Explain how your facility handles specific billing and insurance questions about services or procedures that do not support medical necessity (and may not be paid by a patient’s insurance).
Explain to the patient what the term,out-of-pocketmeans and how it could affect his or her bill.
Note:Write a paragraph for each explanation.
Reference
HealthEast Care System. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.healtheast.org/
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Managerial Accounting Mistakes Made on the road to innovation essay help
Based on the article Mistakes Made on the Road to Innovation(it’s attached below), answer the following
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1. Prior to about 2000, what were the primary product(s) of Eastman Kodak (EK)?
2. Chief Executive Antonio M. Perez decided to remake the company and move away fromits old products. What course of action did he initially take?
3. EK vowed in 2000 to become a leader in digital cameras.Perezs initial strategy was
both a success and a failure. Explain.
4. Building on the mistakes made and lessons learned in recent years, Kodak was late torecognize the problem, slow to react, and then went down the wrong innovation path.Perez is attempting innovation of another sort. Explain what path he is now taking thecompany.
5. The article discuses five guidelines (listed below) for innovation. Briefly explain eachand how KD responded.a. Watch for Treacherous Shiftsb. Get Your Best People behind the Programc. Give Your New Initiatives Room to Breathe
d. Make Painful Breaks With The Paste. Don’t Confuse What Your Company Does With How It Does It
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3-4 page paper in APA format answering the questions. Need it 02 November 2015 by 3 PM EST. Short notice so if you can’t get it in that time frame don’t bother. Just needs to be general knowledge.
Economics plays a role in personal finance. Describe the role that economics plays in your personal financial plan. Also, the use of credit plays an important role in a personal financial plan. Describe the advantages and disadvantages of credit and explain how you will use it as part of your financial plan. Specifically address the following required elements:
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Highlightsabout The Atlantic General Hospital mba essay help: mba essay help
Introduction
Several details have been highlighted about The Atlantic General Hospital. The primary role of this paper is to give a recap of all that has been discussed the paper and at the same time provide an insight prediction for the future of the Healthcare provider.
The Atlantic General Hospital is a non-profit organization founded in 1993 and is located in Berlin in Maryland. The primary sources of finance for the hospital are the grants or aids and also some cash that it gets from the insurance companies.
The hospital also has distinct sets of rules and regulations that govern its operations. These rules have gone in handy with the missions and the values that are upheld by the firm (Andrew 2009). The hospital uses various avenues to market itself to different clients. One primary channel that it exploits is the use of television where they frequently place advertisements. They have also used their website intensively to communicate with their potential clients (Berkowitz 2010).
The company also uses broad advertisement avenues that involve the use of the television advert and the internet where they have their website that they use to post information about them. It has also been discovered that the national and global economies have some significant effects on the operation of the hospital.
Various health care regulations have had different impacts on the life of the organization, as it attempts to provide affordable healthcare services to the client. One such law deals with the people with disabilities issue. The various changes in national and international economies have affected the hospital directly. The loss of the insurance cover caused by the retrenchment of the employees by their employers makes them not be in a position to cater for their hospital bills. Such an action has seen the reduction in the numbers of patients visiting the facility.
There are usually some occasions also when the health care services are not affordable to many people. It happens so in situations where the economy goes down. It goes all the way to the financial well-being of the physicians that are often affected severely. .
The future of the organization
From the project, The Atlantic Hospital has the potential of increasing its operation base in the future. It has the potential of expanding to all parts of the United States and providing more elaborate medical care to the rest of American population and even the whole world. Having survived the economic times such as the 2008 economic recession with less impact on the hospital, it is evident that the hospital can sustain its existence even shortly without many strains from the economic pressure (Icaza 2012).
With the constant support that it has received from different governments, it can take advantage of it and spread into other places where it has not yet opened branches.
Development of comprehensive insurance cover to its patients will help them make the health care services available to different clients. So as to maintain and also to increase their market share, the hospital should focus on other investments that can assure it of financial supply even when there is taught economic time (Kieran 2003).
They should also need to take advantage of the various social media platforms to market their services. Direct involvement in the community will also give them an opportunity to interact much with their clients. They should organize community outreach programs that will expose them to the entire community.
References
Kieran, W. (2003).Regulating Healthcare: A Prescription for Improvement? Maidenhead,
McGraw-Hill Education (UK).
Andrew, C. D. (2009).Principles of Management. Ohio: Maryland Press.
Berkowitz, N E (2010)Essentials Of Health Care MarketingJones & Bartlett Publishers
Icaza S (2012)The Impact of the 2008 Economic Recession on the Field of Health
PhilanthropyBrandeis University
Capstone Project Section 5
Student’s Name
Institution
Introduction
Several details have been highlighted about The Atlantic General Hospital. The primary role of this paper is to give a recap of all that has been discussed the paper and at the same time provide an insight prediction for the future of the Healthcare provider.
The Atlantic General Hospital is a non-profit organization founded in 1993 and is located in Berlin in Maryland. The primary sources of finance for the hospital are the grants or aids and also some cash that it gets from the insurance companies.
The hospital also has distinct sets of rules and regulations that govern its operations. These rules have gone in handy with the missions and the values that are upheld by the firm (Andrew 2009). The hospital uses various avenues to market itself to different clients. One primary channel that it exploits is the use of television where they frequently place advertisements. They have also used their website intensively to communicate with their potential clients (Berkowitz 2010).
The company also uses broad advertisement avenues that involve the use of the television advert and the internet where they have their website that they use to post information about them. It has also been discovered that the national and global economies have some significant effects on the operation of the hospital.
Various health care regulations have had different impacts on the life of the organization, as it attempts to provide affordable healthcare services to the client. One such law deals with the people with disabilities issue. The various changes in national and international economies have affected the hospital directly. The loss of the insurance cover caused by the retrenchment of the employees by their employers makes them not be in a position to cater for their hospital bills. Such an action has seen the reduction in the numbers of patients visiting the facility.
There are usually some occasions also when the health care services are not affordable to many people. It happens so in situations where the economy goes down. It goes all the way to the financial well-being of the physicians that are often affected severely. .
The future of the organization
From the project, The Atlantic Hospital has the potential of increasing its operation base in the future. It has the potential of expanding to all parts of the United States and providing more elaborate medical care to the rest of American population and even the whole world. Having survived the economic times such as the 2008 economic recession with less impact on the hospital, it is evident that the hospital can sustain its existence even shortly without many strains from the economic pressure (Icaza 2012).
With the constant support that it has received from different governments, it can take advantage of it and spread into other places where it has not yet opened branches.
Development of comprehensive insurance cover to its patients will help them make the health care services available to different clients. So as to maintain and also to increase their market share, the hospital should focus on other investments that can assure it of financial supply even when there is taught economic time (Kieran 2003).
They should also need to take advantage of the various social media platforms to market their services. Direct involvement in the community will also give them an opportunity to interact much with their clients. They should organize community outreach programs that will expose them to the entire community.
References
Kieran, W. (2003).Regulating Healthcare: A Prescription for Improvement? Maidenhead,
McGraw-Hill Education (UK).
Andrew, C. D. (2009).Principles of Management. Ohio: Maryland Press.
Berkowitz, N E (2010)Essentials Of Health Care MarketingJones & Bartlett Publishers
Icaza S (2012)The Impact of the 2008 Economic Recession on the Field of Health
PhilanthropyBrandeis University
Create the procurement category plan. The procurement category plan identifies the buying strategy to be implemented. As procurement team member how are you going to identify the critical purchasing costs in the supply chain? How are secondary and tertiary costs going to be identified and controlled? What provisions are in place to enable a make vs. buy decision? What are the criteria that identify key cost drivers? Are plans in place to reduce, control, and eliminate activities that drive cost?
400 words
There is a template to go along with the word document.
Domino’s upgraded Pulse Evolution systems my essay help uk
Question
(TCO A) Domino’s upgraded Pulse Evolution system incorporated a Pizza Tracker functionality that shows the progression of individual pizza orders. This is an example of using information systems to achieve which business objective?
Customer and supplier intimacy
Survival
Improved decision making
Operational excellence
Question 2. Question :
TCO A) The hardware and software used to transfer data in an organization is called
data management technology
networking and data management technology
data and telecommunications technology
networking and telecommunications technology
Question 3. Question :
(TCO B) The value chain model
categorizes five related advantages for adding value to a firm’s products or services.
sees the supply chain as the primary activity for adding value.
helps a firm identify points at which information technology can most effectively enhance its competitive position.
Question 4. Question :
(TCO C) Which common database challenge is illustrated by the text’s discussion of receiving multiple pieces of the same direct mail advertising with an identical address?
Data normalization
Data accuracy
Data redundancy
Data quality
Question 5. Question :
(TCO D) _____ work by using radio waves to communicate with radio antennas placed within adjacent geographic areas.
Cell phones
Microwaves
Satellites
WANs
Question 6. Question:
(TCO A) Define operational excellence. How can information systems help achieve it?
Question 7. Question:
(TCO B) How have mobile devices and social media changed the work environment?
Question 8. Question:
(TCO C) List and describe three main capabilities or tools of a DBMS.
Question 9. Question :
(TCO D) Describe and explain the idea of network neutrality. Are you in favor of network neutrality? Why or why not?