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Sample Book Review on Hector Tobar’s novel ‘The Tattooed Soldier’ gp essay help

The Plight of Latino Immigrants in The United States

The current state of the Latin Americas is a reflection of the social, economic and political challenges faced by the country. The characteristics that have been associated with the community include political upheavals and violation of human rights. The population of the Latinos in America grew significantly between 1980 and 1990 due to the political instability in different regions such as Guatemala (Minich 224). The perception of the immigrants about America was that it was a country where they would find peace, and where human rights would be respected. They thought of the country as a democratic nation where the opinion of the people was considered while making political decisions. The Latino immigrants looked forward to leading better lives in the country, but the reality was opposite. The political administration in the United States at the time failed the immigrants as they were not treated equally with the other citizens.

It was hard for them to find jobs and this affected their economic as well as social welfare. Those who were lucky to secure jobs mostly worked in businesses that endangered their lives. This affected the pace at which the community developed in terms of political, social and economic aspects. The inability to afford basic necessities such as education and high quality health care affects a large part of the society even to date. Different authors have expressed their concern for the community using varying methods such as through the use of stories and poetry. One of such authors is Hector Tobar, who uses a fictional story to express the plight of the community in the United States in the 1990s. In his novel, he expresses the challenges that the community went through in their efforts to survive. This paper analyzes one of Tobar’s novels, The Tattooed Soldier, which shows the predicament of Latin Americans in the country. The paper identifies Antonio Bernal, a violent soldier who served in the government as the monster in the story. Although he is depicted as a victim, his motivation to kill the man who murdered his family brings out his monstrous character.

The fictional story is based on the lives of Guatemalan immigrants who freed their region due to civil wars that claimed many lives. The height of political instability in Guatemala at the time was high, forcing many people to look for better lives in other regions (Mills 236). Among the best places that the people chose included Los Angles, which was characterized by many economic activities that guaranteed them prosperity. The author uses the lives of the two immigrants to show the challenges that were faced by the whole population of the Latin immigrants in the country. One of the primary characters is Antonio Bernal, who is depicted as the victim in the story. His life is defined by depression, anger and misery that the immigrants faced in their country. Through the character, the author shows the reasons that made the immigrants free from their countries.

Back in Guatemala, Antonio did not find peace as there was a lot of political upheavals. The region was characterized by civil wars that claimed the lives of his wife and an only son. The author shows how the government treated the people who complained about its poor administration. For instance, Elena, who was killed for expressing her concern about poor drainage in the country. The best place that Antonio thought of relocating to was Los Angeles, but it did not offer him the life he expected. He expresses his surprise at realizing that women who had degrees in medicine worked as laboratory assistants. He was referring to the way the United States government denied the Latin Americans employment opportunities, even in areas where they were qualified. The high rate of racism in the country denied the Latin Americans equal employment opportunities, thus affecting the extent to which their political, social and economic welfare developed (Quandt et al. 2640)

The fact that the immigrants did not secure jobs easily made it difficult for them to develop economically because they could not even afford basic necessities. In one incident, the author describes the way Antonio was sent away by the landlord for the failure to clear his rent arrears. This is a reflection of the suffering that majority of the Latin Americans faced as a result of racial inequality in the United States. The low economic status of the people rendered most of the immigrants homeless and this made their misery even worse. Being homeless made their social life hard and they could not even unite for a common cause. The bitterness about the challenges that the immigrants faced at home made it hard for them to grow (Irr 449). They were still haunted by the adverse impacts of the civil war in their regions and this impacted their lives negatively. Most of the immigrants were psychologically disturbed, with an urge for vengeance against the people who hurt them. In the novel, the author describes Antonio as the character who could not afford even the basic necessities, but his drive for revenge transforms him into a monster, determined to take down a man he believed to have murdered his family.

Guillermo Longoria is the other character that the author uses to show the plight of Latin American immigrants. Although the character’s economic status is better off compared to Antonio’s he still experiences racial discrimination in Los Angeles. The author highlights that it is hard for Longoria to find formal employment, even with his military training. However, he secures employment with an illegal parcel service. Before relocating to Los Angles, the author cites that Longoria worked as a military agent with the Guatemalan government. In his line of work, he killed many people including Antonio’s wife and son. The author uses the character to explain the inhumane actions that forced the Latinos to migrate to regions such as Los Angeles. Longoria did not choose to be a military man in Guatemala, but he was kidnapped and trained on the military skills required to execute the orders that his government wanted to execute.

The author uses the character to show the dictatorial political system in Guatemala that forced the Latinos to relocate to other regions. Through the character, one understands the perception that the immigrants had about the high level of democracy in the United States. Although the immigrants did not face political challenges that they had experienced in Guatemala such as forced military operations, they faced other social challenges such as unemployment due to racial discrimination. Apart from forcibly recruiting young men into the military, the Guatemalan government executed people who challenged its decisionsin whichever way (Rodríguez 10). The death of Elena is an indication of the dictatorial leadership experienced in the region. She was murdered for expressing her concern about the poor environmental conditions in Guatemala that threatened the lives of the citizens. The immigrants hoped to find a more democratic political system in the country, but this was not the case. Equality was impossible in the country and this led to misery and suffering for both the young and old.

The suffering experienced by the immigrants made them turn against each other, further delaying their chances of success in political, economic and social development (Arias 174). They could not unite for a common cause, even if they faced similar challenges because the high level of poverty among them still distinguished the working class and the jobless. Antonio is depicted as jobless while Longoria is employed. Although he works in an illegal business, the small amount of money he makes is enough to pay for his basic needs. Antonio, on the other hand, cannot even afford to pay rent. The two classes did not realize that they faced a common problem of racial segregation and thus found no reason to fight against the vice that hindered their development.

The evil acts that the Guatemalan government forced the military personnel to commit make them evil as they were inhumane. They were commanded to kill anyone who was against the political administration and their families (Rodríguez, Saenz and Menjívar 221). The military men had jaguar tattoos on their bodies and this served as a mark of identity. This is the same identification mark that turned the flow of events in the story when Antonio identified it on Longoria’s arm. He was certain that he was the man who killed his family alongside other innocent citizens. From then on, he was no longer concerned about solving the social challenges that faced him, but was instead driven by the urge to take revenge. His motivation to kill Longoria made him focus less on his social well-being. This was the situation with most of the Latinos as they were focused on revenge instead of standing up in unity against the violation of human rights that they were experiencing. The lack of unity affected their social, political and economic development.

Considering the turn of events in the novel, one would consider Longoria as the monster because of the activities he was involved in while working as a soldier in Guatemala. He executed the orders to kill innocent people perfectly and even kept a collection of photos for all his victims. These are actions that would only be executed by evil people thus implying that he is the monster. However, the author makes the reader sympathize with Longoria making Antonio the monster in the story. The killings executed by Longoria are not out of his will because he gets orders from the dictatorial government. Further, the fact that he is one of the Latino immigrants proves that he does not approve of the actions conducted by Guatemalan government.For Longoria to become a soldier, he was kidnapped and trained on military skills by force. This makes him the victim in the story and Antonio becomes the protagonist who wants to kill him.

Antonio’s character as a monster is brought about by the fact that he does not consider Longoria’s motive for his actions. It is clear that Longoria does not support the evil acts by the government, but he has to abide by the command of the dictatorial government.  As an elite working for the government, Antonio ought to have understood the dictatorial nature of the government. He should have understood that his family would still be alive were it not for the government orders. He should at least have listened to Longoria’s side of the story instead of plotting to kill him. Although he seems to be the victim in the beginning, his actions make him a monster. His strong urge to kill Longoria without considering the motive behind his actions makes him the monster.

In conclusion, Tobar uses the different characters in the story to inform the readers about the reasons that made Latinos to migrate and the hardships they encountered in the new regions. Among the primary reasons that forced the people to move to new regions is civil wars that were brought about by the dictatorial political leadership at the time. The immigrants were convinced that region such as Los Angeles would offer them with better lives, but they were not welcome. The high rate of racial discrimination in the region made it difficult for them to secure jobs, even for those who had high academic and professional qualifications. The inability to secure good jobs made it difficult for the society to develop.  The social challenges they faced such as homelessness affected their ability to push for equality reforms at a time when racial segregation was at its peak.

Works Cited

Arias, Arturo. “Central American-Americans: Invisibility, power and representation in the US       Latino world.” Latino Studies 1.1 (2003): 168-187.

Irr, Caren. “Neomedievalism in Three Contemporary City Novels: Tobar, Adichie,             Lee.” Canadian Review of Comparative Literature/Revue Canadienne de Littérature     Comparée 42.4 (2015): 439-453.

Mills, Regina Marie. Guatemalan diasporic fiction as refugee literature: an analysis of        Héctor Tobar’s The tattooed soldier and Tanya Maria Barrientos’s Family          resemblance. Diss. 2014.

Minich, Julie Avril. “Mestizaje as National Prosthesis: Corporeal Metaphors in Héctor        Tobar’s The Tattooed Soldier.” Arizona Journal of Hispanic Cultural Studies 17.1 (2013): 211-226.

Quandt, Sara A., et al. “Experiences of Latino immigrant families in North Carolina help   explain elevated levels of food insecurity and hunger.” The Journal of nutrition 136.10 (2006): 2638-2644.

Sample Analysis Paper on Cultuurpark Westergasfabriek in Amsterdam writing an essay help: writing an essay help

Cultuurpark Westergasfabriek in Amsterdam

Introduction

The famous Cultuurpark Westergasfabriek is also referred to, as Westergasfabriek, and it was a former gasworks factory situated in Amsterdam, Netherlands although it is presently a cultural venue. The architect is the renowned Kathryn Gustafson. Ideally, the huge obstacle in designing this reputable park was to transform a polluted site that contained a substantial number of various historic buildings into a new usable and significant place. Hence, this remarkable mission of transforming the park put this region on the map, as well as on peoples’ radar before finishing because it consisted of marvelous architectural planning and building. Notably, this also incorporated a huge diversity of interests and allowed for an extensive community oriented process. An incredible amount of patience was required although the project ultimately turned successful (Reeve and Marshall 1).

Master Plan

Francine Houben and Kathryn Gustafson both of Mecanoo Archicten Company did the master plan for the park. The plan was regarded as the “Changement” since it proposed a fantastic place that changed people as they moved through it at different times throughout the year. In essence, the park’s nature changes as a person moves from its west to east. It is worth noting that the more classical or ridged designs that a person encounters while moving in the park, the more freer and varied designs open up. The master plan combined different classical elements, which include meadows, orchards, and a strong central axis with a range of various native plantings and winding paths (Gustafson 1).

In addition, a strong structure is built using different detailing varieties. On the east of the park where the district offices are situated overlooks the formal city park’s design. The middle of this park consists of various references to 1960s and 1950s parks, and this is where the recreation space is located. The northwest end of the park consists of native plants, and the key focus here is primarily on the ecology and nature, which refers to the 1980s parks. Notably, the Westergasfabriek site is the most contemporary section, which ideally refers to nature and humanity confrontation as portrayed in the landscape of the park (Reeve and Marshall 2).

Most importantly, the park consists of four major clusters whereby each of these clusters is unique since they have different distinct feelings from one another. These four clusters include the Village, Kinderdorp, Spektakeldorp, and Cite des Arts. Thus, the Village refers to the group of various buildings that are between the Events Field and the Canal. The Village has a huge hall mainly for cafes, studios, shops, and events that are housed in the popular Purifier Building. The Regulator House hosts the Westergasfabriek BV offices while the Machine Building is where incidental leasing is done. The Metering Buildings are specifically for different public functions that include a kiosk (Reeve and Marshall 2).

On the other hand, the Spektakeldorp is also known as the “Spectacular Village” that is utilized for larger events. It consists of the Transformer and Gasholder Buildings. Notably, the Gasholder Building is the biggest indoor space on this particular site, and it is mostly utilized for theater, opera, as well as other performances. It is one of the attractive scenes for this site. Subsequently, the Kinderdorp is also referred to as the “Children’s Village” since it is specifically designated for children activities. In this particular area, there are two houses for supervisors. The fourth cluster is the Cite des Arts, which is the farthest area of the park to the West, and it contains new buildings. The majority of these new buildings are mostly offices allocated for cultural activities instead of display or performance spaces (Gustafson 1).

Historical Background

In 1883, the site and gasworks technical planner was Julius Pazzani that lived between 1841 and 1888. Subsequently, the designer of the buildings was Isaac Gosschalk, who was an Amsterdam’s architect. The majority of the buildings that Isaac designed were primarily Dutch Neo-Renaissance style. In particular, the paramount element in all of his designs was symmetry. The buildings were made of light stone, as well as yellow and red bricks. Arcatures, ornamental eaves, and step gables adorned the facades (Reeve and Marshall 5).

On the same note, an expansion that was conducted between 1901 and 1905 eventually restored the design that Gosschalk intended. Over duration of time, the buildings were evidently torn down, and this included an old water tower. In 1989, the original buildings’ thirteen units were protected, and the old gasholder building in 1963 started being utilized as a storage space (Reeve and Marshall 5).

In addition, a new development plan in 1996 suggested that the old buildings should be restored, and this approach placed a historical value since it was its major concern. Hence, this approach was largely a conservative perspective. Specifically, Francine Houben from the Mecanoo Architects was called in to design the master plan, as well as the plan for renovating the existing buildings and new buildings design. The objective for this motive was the creation of an easy flow between the outside and inside including integrating the park usage harmoniously. Most importantly, it was integral that the initial usage of the renovated buildings be ostensible although they were not supposed to be restored perfectly since they had to retain their original state. Ideally, Braaksma & Roos were hired to conduct the restorative job. The Machine Building, Regulator House, GasHolder, Transformer Building, and Purifier Building were all renovated (Reeve and Marshall 5).

Design Process

It is paramount to note that the Westergasfabriek was specifically designed to create an innovative cultural space that would be open to the public. Initially, the site was a gasworks factory that the BICGA (British Imperial Continental Gas Association) had constructed in 1883. In the 1960s, the site was abandoned after natural gas was discovered and the buildings were utilized as garage and storage spaces up to the early 1990s. Since the buildings were still standing in 1989, they were marked and regarded as industrial monuments, and they started being utilized as cultural activities spaces mainly on a temporary basis (Reeve and Marshall 6).

Evidently, this program became successful, and the park was transformed into a permanent cultural center. The creation of a development plan was done in 1996, and the official opening of the park was conducted in 2003. The park offered the space for various purposes such as shops, galleries, performances, festivals, and community dinners. Currently, there are numerous spaces, which are for both short and long-term rental that allow for flexibility in their usage (Gustafson 1).

Previous Developments

The establishment of the original park was done in 1891 where it served the quite working class people in the Amsterdam region. The factory that the BICGA had built in 1883 was situated behind the park, and it was decided that both the defunct factory and the park should be combined to build a magnificent park that conserved its heritage. This action was undertaken in the 1960s when natural as resources were discovered in the North Sea and the factory was eventually abandoned since it had become obsolete. The buildings were saved from demolition, and the aesthetical values started to change. Thus, the old city’s installations began to look original while their architecture started to be valued significantly. The entire region of the municipal water and gas installations were remodeled, as well as trees were planted. Notably, Westergasfabriek in 2003 was opened officially to the public (Amsterdam Guide 1).

In the same suit, the cleanup process involved the utilization of the Isolation-plus Vairant method, which consisted of cleaning up the entire polluted site. Hence, this meant that the polluted ground water was supposed to be isolated although not covered in asphalt. Rather, layers of cloth, as well as a “living layer” that contained clean soil were needed to cover the polluted ground within a meter deep. Generally, approximately 34,000 square meters of clean soil were utilized including over 64,500 square meters of geotextile was utilized to cover the entire polluted site (Reeve and Marshall 6).

Present Developments

This park has tremendously grown into a huge green area that comprises of an events stage, an exhibition space, a cinema, and a theater. It bears its proud name of “Cultuurpark Westergasfabriek” (Culture Park Western Gas Factory). Remarkably, what was initially a small neighborhood park in the 19th century has been gradually combined with the huge region of the non-operational municipal gas installations. The municipal’s huge building divides the park into two key parts, which are the new, and the old one. There is also a long rectangular swimming pool for children where they can enjoy themselves on a warm sunny day. The park also contains some few bronze sculptures, as well as lots of green grass, which create an experimental suburbia for recreation activities (Amsterdam Guide 1).

According to Gustafson (1), the work conducted in the park was engaging, distinctive, and original. Additionally, the landform of the park involved innovative designs that manipulated the ground plane so that it could create ramps and steps, as well as level changes, which meticulously change as a person experiences them. Thus, the sensual landforms evidently define space in a unique sculptural manner. The water in the park is purified, processed, and stored and the landscape designs have been designed to enrich the park’s sensory experience with this water. This expresses changes in the water levels and invites people to engage in water activities. This includes the utilization of splashing fountains and reflective rainwater pools in the park.

Conclusion

In summation, the popular Cultuurpark Westergasfabriek is also known as Westergasfabriek, which was a former gasworks factory situated in Amsterdam, Netherlands but it is currently a cultural venue that hosts many events. The architect of this magnificent park is the distinguished Kathryn Gustafson. According to Gustafson, the biggest obstacle when designing this famous park was to transform a polluted site that comprised of some varied historical buildings into a new usable and significant place. Thus, their exceptional mission of changing the polluted park put this region on the map including other peoples’ radar before its completion since it entailed stunning architectural planning and building. In essence, this venture also incorporated a wide diversity of different interests, and it involved a widespread community oriented process. The park currently attracts many visitors for recreation and learning purposes.

Works Citied

Amsterdam Guide. Westerpark in Amsterdam. Amsterdam Guide, 2016. Web. 2nd June 2016. < http://www.amsterdam.info/parks/westerpark/ >

Gustafson Porter. Cultuurpark Westergasfabriek. Gustafson Porter, n.d. Web. 2nd June 2016. < http://www.gustafson-porter.com/westergasfabriek/ >

Reeve, Julia and Marshall, Sarah. Westergasfabriek, Amsterdam, Netherlands. Washington Education PDF. Web. 2nd June 2016. < https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=6&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjUkebF84fNAhUJWxoKHQ-9CnwQFghAMAU&url=httpscourses.washington.edugehlstudgehl-studiowp-contentthemesgehl-studiodownloadsWinter2010Westergasfabriek.pdf&usg=AFQjCNHSojM4P81rC8_hj9zjlKLuMMkpQA&sig2=Z6espNlFlbbpOHAijx2gdQ >

Sample Paper on the Legal Concept of “Genericide” In Its Relation to Trademark Law essay help tips

Genericide

The loss of a trademark is a blow to companies that incur costs to maintain the names of their products. Companies that fail to safeguard their trademarks fear that their product names might become generic, leading to exploitation by third parties. For instance, escalator, zipper, and Aspirin, were once trademarks that expressed particular brands, but they have nowadays taken the common language, or generic terms, as moving staircase, zippers, and pain reliever, respectfully. The “Google” trademark is probably one of the world’s most expensive trademarks, which has made the company to threaten its competitors, who claimed that the trademark has already become generic, and can be utilized by other parties without encountering legal consequences. Trademark rights are the company’s most precious asset, thus, companies must protect their trademarks to avoid experiencing genercide.

Defining the Legal Concept of “Genericide” In Its Relation to Trademark Law

Generic terms are common names that are used to identify products or services that do not portray definite source. The term “genericide” is coined from the word generic to mean the loss of trademark when the public categorizes the company’s trademark with other similar products (Hart, et al 51). When a company’s trademark is associated to a particular action that is not approved by the owning company, such trademark is deemed to become genericized. Genericide may occur if customers of a certain product link the trademark with the name of that product instead of perceiving it through its source (Ouellette 397). The term is at times utilized to express a process where the owner of a trademark inadvertently contributes in the obliteration of the uniqueness of the trademark. A generic term does not qualify to become a trademark as it signifies itself.

Trademark laws exist to preserve distinctive marks that distinguish a particular company’s products or services from other companies’ products in the same marketplace. Trademark rights can be lost when the firm’s trademark fails to act as an identifier of the company’s products or services. If consumers perceive the trademark as the product’s name as opposed to its exclusive source, the possibility of a trademark losing its distinctiveness is relatively high. In legal proceedings, the court investigates how the public perceives the company’s trademark, and whether customers understand the source of the brand in question. Some unscrupulous businesses can embrace the generic name and convince the intellectual property judges that they have the right to use the name due to its commonness. In this case, the original company feels the implication of genericide.

One of the companies that have strived to maintain their trademarks is Google. Google has become an international trademark due to its unique products and, in particular, its search engine. With its up-to-date technology, from Chrome to Gmail to Android, the company’s mission is to enable its customers to find any information with ease. By using Gmail, Google customers can share documents without necessarily coping. The company is assisting businesses to advertise, as well as improve their productivity both on and off the web. Thus, maintaining Google trademark is fundamental for the company’s survival in a competitive market.

Google has entered into legal proceedings with its opponents, who want to the word Google to be permitted in the public domain due to its widespread use. According to Google’s opponents, the “Google” trademark has become generic owing to the majority of people perceiving the word “google” as a verb that means to search on the internet (Goldman 1). As one of the most costly trademark globally, Google trademark has become a common name among the public, but the company still possess the right to defend it. The company’s trademark designates the Google search engine, in addition to using it as a verb to denote an act of searching through the internet, specifically the Google search engine.

Google does not want its trademark to be utilized as a common word to avoid losing the value and uniqueness of its brand. By allowing the term “to google” to appear in the English dictionary, the company would be sacrificing its value to its competitors, as everyone would be using the word as their own. A trademark does not become generic based on its frequent use (Miller 142).  The case Elliot v. Google Inc. was an attempt to affirm the mark Google as generic. According to David Elliot, the plaintiff, the term Google had become generic, thus, Google Company had no right to restrict its domain name to be utilized by other parties (142). Allowing other search engines to utilize the term “to google” would amount to genericide.

Google has the capacity to defend its trademark from becoming a common term by exercising the legal acts. Even if the public utilizes the trademark as a verb while consumers relate the word with the company, Google trademark is still a protected brand (Miller 142). The court asserted that using a trademark as a verb is not an indication of becoming generic, since the mark is still capable of distinguishing the company’s product from other products. Generic terms can hardly be protected, as descriptive terms can only qualify for protection if they possess some distinctiveness that enables buyers to associate them with their unique sources (Ouellette 352-353).

As long as Google is capable of convincing dictionary authors to capitalize the first letter of its trademark, the company is safe from genericide. The company knew that its dominance as a search engine would have generated a risk to its trademark; hence, developing a manual on its trademark was a necessity. In addition, Google can safeguard its trademark by considering the following tips:

It should avoid using its trademark to refer to its products, as doing so will mark the trademark become generic.
If the trademark has to be used in a sentence, then the trademark should be utilized as an adjective.
When used in a sentence, Google trademark should be distinguished from other words, by indicating it in capital letters, in bold face type, or in italics.
The company should utilize suitable trademark designation to necessitate legal action in case of infringement.
The company should an attempt to monitor third party usage of its trademark and take appropriate legal action to avoid losing the source identifier.
The company should avoid situations where its trademark has to appear in a dictionary, as allowing such action amounts to genericide.

Google is likely to experience several implications if it allows its trademark to become generic. Generide can be undesirable for a company that has invested millions of money to create a brand, but realizes that other companies are using the same brand. Allowing other parties to use the company’s trademark makes the company loose in terms of popularity, as well as revenue. If Google allows other companies to make its name generic, the company will lose on its revenue, as well as its customer base due to loss of reputation on its trademark. In reality, Google may lose control over its name, and even the legal actions can never restrict third party developers from exploiting the name according to their preferences (Goldman 2).

Loss of a trademark creates a contradiction in business, as customers would no longer identify the appropriate source of their preferred brands.  Although it is quite hard to quantify the amount of revenue that Google could lose if it allows its name to become generic, the company would be greatly concerned about its customers’ inability to distinguish the right search engine from numerous search engines that possess the same name. If Google permit its name to be used in common terms, it might experience what renowned brands, such as Aspirin, escalator, or thermos, underwent several years ago.

Conclusion

Companies should strive to safeguard their trademark to evade legal battles that intend to prove their names as generic. Google should ensure that its customers utilize its trademark properly, and that its misuse can only be unintentional. Companies can prevent their trademarks from losing their functions by permitting them to be utilized properly as adjectives, rather than as nouns or verbs (Amernick 120). Fortunately, the court has defended Google by asserting that the company still possesses the powers to maintain its trademark. The right to trademark remains as long as the company continues to utilize the trademark. The court ruling that using a trademark as a verb does not pose any danger to the trademark has helped other companies that face the situation similar to Google.

Works Cited

Amernick, Burton A. Patent Law for the Nonlawyer: A Guide for the Engineer, Technologist, and Manager. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2012. Internet resource.

Goldman, Eric. “Google Successfully Defends Its Most Valuable Asset In Court.” Forbes. Tech, Sep. 15, 2014. Web. 1 June 2016 http://www.forbes.com/sites/ericgoldman/2014/09/15/google-successfully-defends-its-most-valuable-asset-in-court/#7053e10d3f05

Halt, Gerald B., John C. Donch, Robert Fesnak, and Amber R. Stiles. Intellectual Property in Consumer Electronics, Software and Technology Startups. New York, NY: Springer, 2013.

Sample Paper on Filipino Immigrants my essay help uk: my essay help uk

Filipino Immigrants

            Jose Cruz is a Filipino immigrant currently located in the United States. Jose has been living in the United States for more than twenty years working in one of the factories located in Detroit. Cruz has to finish this year before he is fully recognized as a United States citizen after undergoing the entire naturalization process. Cruz’s grandfather immigrated the country close to fifty years ago leaving the family behind. Cruz blames their country of origin, the Philippines, for ensuring that most of the laborers in the labor market moved from the Philippines to other parts of the world. In their new countries, they were forced to face issues that relate to low labor wages and lack of representation in the trade unions. Jose states that the condition might have improved in the recent past, but they had to go through a lot before changes were made to the current system of governance. Cruz illustrates using several important explanations on how the government ensured that the Philippine population became one of the most outsourced employee to different locations across the world. The paper provides two different perspectives as to why most of the Filipino people migrate to different lands. The first story narrates about the life of Cruz who is an immigrant of the 21st century. The second perspective collects views from Cruz’s regarding the life of his grandfather, who was among the earliest inhabitants of the United States where they went to work as laborers.

Cruz mentions that their home government started with sponsoring nursing students to different parts of the world and more specifically to United States. Another approach commonly used by the government was to crush labor strikes at different factories located in the South East of Asia.  In a way, this ensured that the population of people working for such industries would leave their workplaces and become a cheap source of labor to other parts of the world. Cruz notes that the Philippines developed as a colony of the United States and was, therefore, more inclined to provide any support to the country (Rodriguez 135).  Cruz notes that majority of the people who emigrated from the Philippines ended up in the United States mostly as workers. After many years, some became assimilated and even made families in the United States, which meant that their children would be recognized as being part of the citizens of the United States. Cruz mentions one of the Filipino groups that specialize in hip hop music using Filipino accent as being part of the generations that have developed away from their home country. Similarly, to other minority communities setting foot in foreign countries, their journey has not been easy. Establishing a name in the music industry has been difficult since the Filipino being recognized as being part and parcel of the United States history. Cruz mentions that in the current era of global capitalism, their country of origin still utilizes policies that ensure that more Filipinos become immigrant workers.

The Philippines as a country has placed emphasis on sending most of its population across the globe, in the process making some of them lose their identity. The Philippines Overseas Employment Agency is one of the agencies established by the government (Rodriguez 133). It ensures that most people coming from the Philippines end up in different countries as laborers though with improved terms and condition. Cruz notes that it is quite difficult to find a country that has placed a lot of emphasis on the development of agencies that deal with exporting laborers from their countries to others across the globe the same way the Philippines have developed theirs. The only problem as noted by Cruz is that the country places less emphasis on reverse brain drain since the population of Filipino immigrants established in other countries as professionals is quite high. Cruz also notes that there are several different features that are looked at in all immigrants who move to foreign countries. Most countries prefer Filipino immigrants because of their obedience, passivity and ability to integrate into different communities of the world without a lot of issues relating to labor laws. Since the Filipino community is majorly patriarchal, most of the people living the country for foreign lands are the women. Women immigration in the Philippines became popular at the end of the 20th century when more countries opened their doors to people of different color and races.

Cruz mentions provide several examples in which the country forced them out of their country of origin. Cruz specifically mentions TESDA, which stands for Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA). The body trains people on different aspects that relate to and promotes different ideologies that emphasize on the migration of the labor force to different parts of the world. The body reconfigures issues related to citizenship so that they could necessarily be used for power brokering deals in which majority of the people from the country mentioned above find themselves in different continents of the world. This behavior has been ongoing since the country achieved its independence (Rodriguez 143). Cruz mentions that the state and other parts of the higher strata have ensured that migration of people to outside countries is a behavior that continues up to date without the state feeling the consequences of immigrants from its countries suffering in the hands of different powers.  Migration of the people has been linked to transitional issues as well as issues revolving around social reproduction.

The country stands to benefits more if more people are located in different countries and continue earning more income to support their families back at home. Cruz also mentions that immigration has been supported by top bureaucrats who act as power labor brokerages for different firms around their country. The bureaucracy in the country operates like a well-oiled machine that ensures that more and more people are transferred to other countries across the United States with or without their consent. The top bureaucrats in the country do not act alone but in cohorts with the government of the day. The facts mentioned by Cruz are totally supported by one writer who notes that “Accordingly, the Philippine state has developed mechanisms by which it not only exports labor but by which it forcibly repatriates workers” (Rodriguez 74). Additionally, there are other groups in the country such as Migrante International that have in the past conducted numerous protest attempting to fight for the rights of people who have constantly been forced to migrate to different parts of the world without any legitimate reason.

Cruz provides an example of a strike in which the party assisted people of Philippine origin to get the same rights as other people. The settlement was made in Brunei State. The Philippine nationals were being treated to worse conditions than other communities that lived in the entire region. The conflict was largely settled by other parties that lived in the Philippines. Cruz agrees with scholars’ statements that most of the workers present in the country have developed bureaucratic tendencies, and that is why they would always be on the forefront in dealing with matters relating to immigrants to a point they are considered to be experts in the area of migration management. Cruz argues that some of them even work as consultants in matters dealing with immigration (Rodriguez 145). Cruz mentions that though the majority of the immigrants are located in the United States, a huge majority of them have been noted to move around areas such as Vietnam, China, Indonesia, and Thailand. The Philippines has also created institutions and governmental ministries that exclusively receive labor immigrants to countries in Europe, North America, and the Persian Gulf. Most countries across the world have signed memorandums that ensure that people of certain origins have a place in their society. Cruz noted that the government has invested heavily in dealing with parties such as WTO and SAEN that ensure that they are constantly aiding in migration programs. Cruz mentions that one of the most important reason as to why the majority population of people living in the Philippines immigrates to foreign countries is their desire to be empowered financially. Once immigrants achieve this kind of social status they can support their families back at home and in the long run can provide the economic background that is required in their society. Cruz notes that the Philippines as a country greatly benefits from political economies that emphasize the need to for immigration of its citizens especially when conditions in their country do not provide adequate forms of employment.

Today, the Filipinos born and raised in the United States are considered to be citizens of the United States. They have the same rights as children born to the other races in the country. This has given rise to a new totally different population that has taken over cultures from both sides. One such example is the popular music group that released an album titled Empire Funk that talks about the struggle of the Filipino community in the United States. The majority of the singers who composed the album are fully recognized as Filipino- Americans. They choose to use hip hop which traditionally originates from the United States to pass their message across the country. This shows how the Filipino community has lost some bit of their culture and at the same time have taken up significant proportions of the culture of the American people and associates this culture with them.

After delving so much into how the state influences migration activities and migration in the current 21st century, Cruz described the immigration experience of the majority of the people who ended up in the United States. The real-life witnesses were described by to Cruz by the grandfather and were used to feel up the remaining bit of the above story.  Cruz notes that his grandfather, an immigrant during the early fifty years worked in remote locations around different locations in the United States. Most of the places where the grandfather worked from had widespread incidences of exploitation of foreign workers (Revilla 116). The majority white community majorly owned most of the companies in which the Filipino immigrants were working. The pay for the laborers was less than the minimum wage that other minority groups used to receive. The inequality was an extension of the discrimination tendencies practiced by the white majority in the United States since the first immigrant arrived in their country.

Cruz notes that their grandfather provided them with several important reasons as to why they were coming to work to a foreign. Some of the reasons provided included searching for better forms of employment, formal education, making something out of their lives, sending money back to their families. Cruz narrates that his grandfather was one of the earliest immigrants who arrived in the United States and worked within the numerous farmlands that had been established by the white majority. Due to the poor working environments that worked during their time, Cruz states that his grandfather was among the people who steered the formation of labor unions that were supposed to advocate for their rights as a minority community in the country. Apart from labor unions, Cruz mentions that his grandfather and other parties formed different unions aimed at taking care of their needs while being in the foreign country. One of the unions successfully managed to create a village that was supposed to take care of all of the old Filipino who were working in the United States (Revilla 115). The United States was never interested in catering to the social needs of the Filipino immigrants who were present in the country in large numbers. The major interests related to work done on their farmlands.  There also existed different Filipino union groups that catered for diverse interest between the Filipino populations. Cruz mentions the two parties as Filipino Brothers popularly known as strikers and Filipino strike breakers commonly known as scabs (Revilla 113). The number of the two different parties was significantly always causing tensions between the different groups. In other words, there was infighting among the general Filipino population especially those who came in as immigrant’s workers. The tension between the two groups was linked to the movement to the village that had been created to take care of the needs of the old people in their community.

The problem with the village was the high rent charges supposed to be to be paid by the old population. Different parties preferred different rates though they had invested equally in the same village. In the end, the village was more expensive compared to the small sharks that were found outside the village making more aging people to relocate to such areas to at least live life within their means. Cruz’s grandfather was among people who left the village to live in the nearby shacks (Revilla 113). Cruz remembers that the period they emigrated to come to the United States their grandfather used to live in a very small room that they had to look for a different house to cater for their needs and those of their growing family.

Cruz states that his grandfather together with all other Filipino present in the United States during this period faced other problems apart from living in expensive houses. The Filipino community that had migrated to the United States was never allowed to marry any natives from the United States. It was against the law for any immigrant to be found married to any native (Revilla 113). Most of them lived in communal areas in the United States which were concentrated. Majority would hire prostitutes to cater for their sexual needs. In early 1950, most of the Filipino groups started advocating for their rights as a people. Most of the Filipino strikes occurred because different parties failed to implement collective bargaining agreements that had been agreed with their employers.  Most of the workers were paid depending on their rank and the level of experience. This population was just cream while the remaining population was majorly casual laborers whose payment was never made on time as the other high ranking servants. The labor unions were considered as the only resort to address the numerous ills that were happening in the society.

In summary, the Filipino population in different countries continues to rise due to the support of their country in implementing policies that gives a provision for immigration of its people to other countries. The effects of such migrations have not yet been felt with the current population. Emphasis on such policies has seen the number of Filipino increase in different countries. Unlike the start of the 20th and 21st century where the Filipino immigrated to seek for better standards of living and employment, most of the Filipino leaving the country to emigrate because of the perceived nature of policies that have been enforced by their government. The problems they faced in the earlier centuries are still existent though most of them have managed to become citizens of different countries.

Work Cited

Rodriguez, Robyn Magalit. Migrants for export: How the Philippine state brokers labor to the       world. U of Minnesota Press, 2010.

Revilla, l. “A personal history of Filipino immigrants and the farmworkers Movement-Veracruz,   p.” (1996): 111-112.

Sample Paper on Managing a Value Chain: Woolworths medical school essay help: medical school essay help

Managing a Value Chain Woolworths

Company Background

Supermarkets are business entities that act as arbitrators between manufacturers and consumers through retail chains that avail innumerable goods to consumers. Woolworths is among the leading supermarkets in Australia playing such a role in a sector that has witnessed incredible growth. However, there are other competing firms in the industry, for instance, Woolworths Foodland, Coles, CostCo, Franklins, IGA, and Foodworks. Woolworths controls over 800 supermarket stores in Australia. The organization was started in Australia in 1924. The firstshop, Woolworths Stupendous Bargain Basement, was opened in Arcade, Sydney (Palmer np). The organization further opened several other stores between the late 1920s and early 1930s in Western Australia, Queensland, and New Zealand. The growth and development of Woolworths is ascribed to acquisitions and mergers, for instance, the purchase of Northern Territory Business in the 1960. The organization has also opened other joint ventures in India besides New Zealand and Australia (Fenner and Raja np). The employee capacity of Woolworths is approximately 190,000 people (Fenner and Raja np). Currently, the organization controls 45% of the retail industry, thus, placing it ahead of its closest competitor, Coles, which has 23%. Nevertheless, uncertainties face the organization’s aptitude to uphold this share ahead due to the growing competition in the market.

Woolworth’s Strategy

Woolworths’ mission statement reads, “We, as passionate committed retailers, understand and lead our customers through excellence and a deep knowledge of our products and services and the world we live in.” The main strategic primacy for Woolworths is to create a multi-selection vending through low prices, virtuous quality products, and services, in supplies involvement to meet the needs of the consumer. In Australia and New Zealand, the organization has been ranked as the leading in sales. It targets to reach a goal of AUD$1 million sales in online channel by 2020.

Woolworths’ main strategy difference that has seen its success is grounded on its mission of conveying clients with the accurate shopping experience at all times. The firm’s strategy is also based in its vision, which is to offer superiority products and services to its clients via prices strategies, fresh food strategies, and human resource strategies “To enhance cost effectiveness and adeptness, the organization has incorporated and instigated strategies, such asevery-day low prices strategy and project refresh strategy. The firm premeditated and incorporated the every-day low prices strategy with an intention to offer decreased prices to clients on particular products. Regarding the customer focus, every-day low prices policy, also referred to as value pricing, assures consumers of decreased prices minus waiting for voucher clipping, discounts or promotions. Under this approach, the organization established consumer loyalty. This strategy is applied on fast moving goods, such as dairy products as well as other consumables.

Another strategy applied by Woolworths is the Project Refresh that was deliberate to reduce the operation costs. This was first applied in 1999 and since that time, several tactics have been applied by the organization to augment its efficiency. Projects refresh as an approach facilitated the absorption of buying and promotion functions from the preliminary framework where they were designated in different places (Coriolis Research). This approach substituted the earlier corporate processes empowering the organization to compact the source of its products. This policy was significant in eradicating doubling and refining the supplier affiliations to enhance the supplier chain proficiencies.

Furthermore, through the centralized services strategy, organizational services were stretched to other tasks, such as Finance and Human Resource among others. This undertaking has been effective in the supply of wine in the organization. Initially, there was an excess supply of wine as a result of too much manufacture from a fragmented supply base (Coriolis Research).

In addition, through its leading supermarkets chains like Big W and Dan Murphy, Woolworths has been able to persuade for decreased prices from its supplier, therefore, passing the same to the consumers. Consequently, the organization has benefited from an above average market share as well as amplified sales. Nevertheless, this strategy did not have a positive impact on the suppliers since their returns on investment declined. For this reason, most of the suppliers did not welcome the design (Coriolis Research). Woolworths has established the project refresh approach to synchronize the day to day prices strategy. The project refresh strategy has enhanced the supply chain through perfecting the low price retailing.

Value Chain Analysis

Value chain analysis refers to the methodical strategy in analyzing the devilment of competitiveness in an organization. These entails a series of diverse activities, for instance, logistics, operations, marketing and sales, service, procurement, technology and development among others. Value chain is an ongoing concept that changes with regard to the changing nature of humanity. In Australia, the shopping habits of consumers are ever changing. This is because of the contributing factors, such as changes in the population, households, and lifestyles. Furthermore, one core factor to note is that consumers are becoming more health conscious. Therefore, this has necessitated organizations to promote healthy foods through extending the fresh and health section of supermarkets and other retailing chains (Bird 266). Consequently, the Australian supermarkets have designed a way of ensuring customers’ convenience, speed as well as freshness to create value.

The three largest supermarkets in Australia are Woolworths, Coles, and Aldi. In New Zealand and Australia, Woolworths is the largest with a high market share in food, liquor retailers, as well as the largest Hotel and Poker Machine operator in Australia. The led to the organization to be categorized into several sections, for instance, non-trade services, long life variety, Liquor, and Fuel. Value chain analysis is significant because it ensures the organization’s products and services are effective since they represent the basic needs of consumers. Through value chain analysis, Woolworths organization has been able to separate good and bad procurements and the outstanding ones in the shelves. The value chain in Woolworths enabled the organization to adopt a management philosophy to apply on the day to day operations of the organization (Arli). This decision has enabled the organizational leaders to come up with new ideas and tests that are productive. This process entails human as part of the important factors, thereby enabling it to give outstanding performance. Woolworths is preparing to devote $ 1 billion in restoration supply chain, which decrease the cost of conveyance and goods across the nation, providing production achievements.

In Australia, Cole is considered the second largest supermarket. It has several sectors, for instance, bake house, dairy, fresh produce, liquor and general merchandise among others. The consequence of the organization value chain analysis is for the firm to be more competitive in the same manner it merged with shell Oil Company to produce low priced gas. This influenced competing organization to enter into similar agreements with the oil production companies. The value chain analysis of the organization also resulted in concepts that allowed low pricing strategies that were different from competing firms. Coles has 24 supply centers in Australia with more than 2,200 openings to service the products frequently. The organization has also initiated performance indicators aimed at identifying sectors that lack of proficiency and improve time and operation cycle.

Aldi is a universal discount supermarket chain with headquarters in Germany. The organization is categorized into two; Aldo Nord and Aldi Sud. The organization specializes in products that are consumed by clients, such as food and beverages. The organization produces its own products thereby leaving a very limited shelf for external products. Value chain has enabled the organization to offer products to consumers at a cheaper price. Due to the effects of lowered prices the organization offered, its competing firms Woolworths and Coles were greatly impacted. This process necessitated the organization to come up with counter strategies like everyday low pricing and save everyday strategies. Therefore, value chain analysis enabled the organizations to enhance its competition rate thereby delivering high quality goods and services.

Generally, as a result of the differences in stores and prices, Woolworths, Coles, and Aldi have achieved an upsurge in sales. The organizations have also concentrated on increasing the space stage products and other exceptional features like Wi-Fi services, pizzas, and takeaway. Woolworths, Coles, and Aldi have grounded their devilment prospects with regard to the aptitude to take advantage of the innovation in stores.

Enterprise Value for Woolworths

Enterprise value is an organization’s approximation proxy that estimates the present market value of a firm. The enterprise value is used to define takeover or merger price of an organization. It incorporates the entire liquid asset, outstanding debt, and exotic equity instruments that an organization has on the balance sheet. In case of a merger, the parent organization assumes the target organizations’ liabilities but it takes possession of all cash and cash equivalents.

Woolworths Limited Enterprise Value =        Market Cap + Debt – Cash = 31.66 B

Conclusion

Woolworths is one of the biggest organizations in the Australian and New Zealand retailing industry. From the discussion, Woolworths is faced with the high competition in the industry. This is because of the presence of similar products and services. However, its distinct strategy has seen it continue succeeding in its operations. Woolworths, Coles, and Aldicustomers are largely individual consumers, which mean that customer influence is great in their operations. Through value chain analysis, each organization has directed its strategic planning to compete in different ways, thus, upholding its position in the market.

Works Cited

Arli, Verdi, et al. “Woolworths Australia and Walmart US: Best practices in supply chain collaboration.” Journal of Economics, Business, and Accountancy| Ventura 16.1 (2013).

Bird, Jo. “The retail dominance of supermarkets in Australia: a growing geography of pseudo-foods and its implications for obesity.” International Journal of Liability and Scientific Enquiry 4.3 (2011): 265-280.

Coriolis Research. Overview of Woolworths Australia. 2005.Accessed 07 May 2016.http://www.coriolisresearch.com/pdfs/coriolis_overview_woolworths_australia_200502.pdf#sthash.mxxT8lBD.dpuf

Fenner, Robert. Woolworths’ sales rise on Australia supermarket growth. 2009. accessed07 May 2016.http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2009-07-23/australias-woolworths-facing-costco-takes-tips-from-walmart

Sample Essays on The American Revolution instant essay help

American Revolution

The years preceding the American Revolution were filled with differing points of view on numerous issues, chief among them whether America should be an independent nation from Britain. The differences shifted over time as the debate grew and the war started. This paper explores various texts that offer differing religious, political, social, and economic views on the American Revolution and what it meant to most people.

Religious Perspective

Jacob Cushing, a minister of Waltham, Massachusetts wrote a sermon in which he denounces the inhumane acts of some British soldiers in Lexington, Massachusetts. Cushing argues against tyrannical rule, alluding to Moses and the Israelites’ torture and subsequent flight from Egypt. The suffering of the American people under the tyrannical British is a punishment from God for their degeneracy. He calls upon the people to trust in the Lord as He is the almighty, and in the meantime perform their duties diligently[1]. Samuel Sherwood, on the other hand, drew parallels between the Antichrist and the British and urged the American Christians to defeat the beast[2]. He made the people believe that fighting the war would hasten the coming of the millennial messiah.

Loyalist Perspective

The loyalists were divided on whom to give their loyalty. In The Volunteers of Augusta, brave lads are called upon to draw their swords and fight for troop, country, and king. The song supports the British crown and warns against the rebels who are plunderers and murdering villains[3]. The song is clearly a call for loyalty to the King as well as his elected leaders in the colony. Some of the loyalists were, however, modest and did not want to take up arms against their fellow countrymen who had rebelled, nor did they want to side with these rebels[4].

Rebel Perspective

The rebels were a bit unified than the loyalists as well as the religious group. Paine, a rebel, argued that human beings have an inalienable right to freedom and liberty under any circumstances, and thus when faced with oppression man had the obligation to fight against it[5]. Since oppression was a global issue, Americans had an obligation not only to fight for their land but also for the whole of humanity. Henry also called for the taking up of arms against oppression and critiques those who are adamant to take up arms in the guise of patriotism and maintaining peace. Americans would thus be better dying off in the pursuit of their liberty than living under oppression by British tyrants[6].

African American Perspectives

The African Americans were divided on their approach to the whole rebellion issue largely because they perceived both sides of the divide as being oppressive. There were those, however, who did not look at the history of slavery and saw no need to fight the colonists. This group of people is represented by Felix, who states that he does not see the need to fight the colonists as living amicably would work just fine[7]. These are the African Americans who had resigned to slavery and who just wanted peace and nothing more. On the other hand were a group of African Americans who advocated for war believing that everyone was born free and should thus fight for their freedom[8]. Their belief was that in the war for independence from Britain, the African slaves would also be set free.

Official and Legal Perspectives

The second congressional debate convened when the battles of Lexington and Concord had been fought, and it was declared that a document supporting those who had taken up arms should be drafted. The document would argue that America was a free nation and should thus be governed by Americans and not British colonists who were not justified to be in America. In the document, the struggles of the forefathers of the American people as they left Great Britain in search of civil and religious freedoms are enounced; freedom which is then taken away by tyrannical rulers in the Kingdom[9]. Only when the oppressors lay down their arms and the threat of further oppression is removed shall the American sovereigns lay down their weapons. In another document drafted and passed during the 1775 Charlotte Town Resolves, the Americans declared themselves free from any dominance by the British colony[10]. They further annul the powers given to the colonialists by the King and the British parliament, in essence declaring themselves sovereign.

In conclusion, the American Revolution was filled with many sentiments and points of view regarding whether to support the loyalists or not. While many were on either side of the dialogue, some chose to sit on the fence and were undecided on which side to take. The Christians were divided with some calling for support for the King and Country as the King was a messenger of God while others opined that the King’s atrocities linked him to the Antichrist who was to be fought by all Christians. The loyalists either called for people to take up arms against the rebels or did not want to fight against their countrymen. The rebels, however, were more united as they called for the taking up of arms against the colonists to gain liberty. The African Americans, however, were not united; some called for peaceful coexistence while others called for war as it would free them from slavery. Ultimately, the official perspective was that the Americans should be allowed to govern themselves away from the oppression of the British.

Works Cited

Augusta. 1781. The Volunteers of Augusta. Prod. The Royal Georgia Gazette. Savannah, October 4.

Bailyn, Bernard. 1965. Pamphlets of the American Revolution 1750-1776. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.

Cushing, Jacob. 1998. “Divine Judgments Upon Tyrants.” In Political Sermons of the American Founding Era, by Ellis Sandoz, 611-26. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund.

Felix. 1773. “Felix’s petition.” pbs.org 1.

Henry, Patrick. 1775. Give Me Liberty Or Give Me Death . March 23. Accessed May 06, 2016. http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/patrick.asp.

Let. 1775. Second Continental Congress Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking up Arms July 6 1775. July 6. Accessed May 06, 2016. http://www.let.rug.nl/usa/documents/1751-1775/second-continental-congress-declaration-of-the-causes-and-necessity-of-taking-up-arms-july-6-1775.php.

—. 1775. The Charlotte Town Resolves 1775. May 31. Accessed May 06, 2016. http://www.let.rug.nl/usa/documents/1751-1775/the-charlotte-town-resolves-1775.php.

Paine, Thomas. 1776. “Common Sense.” let.rug.nl 1.

[1]Cushing, Jacob. 1998. “Divine Judgments Upon Tyrants.” In Political Sermons of the American Founding Era, by Ellis Sandoz, 611-26. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund.

[2]Sherwood, Samuel. 1998. “The Church’s Flight Into The Wilderness: An Address On The Times.” In Political Sermons of the American Founding Era, by Ellis Sandoz., 497-527. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund.

[3]Augusta. 1781. The Volunteers of Augusta. Prod. The Royal Georgia Gazette. Savannah, October 4.

[4]Unknown. 1776. “The Pausing American Loyalist.” Middlesex Journal 1.

[5]Paine, Thomas. 1776. “Common Sense.” let.rug.nl 1.

[6]Henry, Patrick. 1775. Give Me Liberty Or Give Me Death . March 23. Accessed May 06, 2016. http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/patrick.asp.

[7]Felix. 1773. “Felix’s petition.” pbs.org 1.

[8]Bailyn, Bernard. 1965. Pamphlets of the American Revolution 1750-1776. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.

[9]Let. 1775. Second Continental Congress Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking up Arms July 6 1775. July 6. Accessed May 06, 2016. http://www.let.rug.nl/usa/documents/1751-1775/second-continental-congress-declaration-of-the-causes-and-necessity-of-taking-up-arms-july-6-1775.php.

[10]—. 1775. The Charlotte Town Resolves 1775. May 31. Accessed May 06, 2016. http://www.let.rug.nl/usa/documents/1751-1775/the-charlotte-town-resolves-1775.php

Sample Paper on Cyber Crime english essay help: english essay help

Cyber Crime

Introduction

In the current technology-driven period, keepingprivatedatareservedis turning out to be challenging. The extremelycategorizedinformationis turning out to bemoreaccessible to the public databases, as a result of extensive interconnections being experienced by technology. The datais made available and many people can sift through it due to this interconnectivity. This processcastigates negative perception about technology. Technology is persistently turning out to be significant in easing people’s daily lives, nevertheless, there are perilsassociated with technology. Cybercrimes is one of the main dangers that are associated with technology use. Normal Internet users may be unacquaintedwith cybercrimes, and theybecome victims of cybercrimes.Several innocentpeople have fallen victimsof cybercrimes globally,particularly since technology is sprouting at a fast pace. Cybercrimes refer to any crimes that cause harm to other people using a computer and a network (Dalla & Geeta, 2013). Cybercrimes can take place throughinfiltration of privacy and confidentiality. This means that when privacy and confidential information is lost or interrupted by illegitimately individuals, it allows for high profile crimes, for instance, hacking, cyber terrorism, espionage, financial theft, copyright infringement, spamming, cyber warfare, and many more crimes, which occur across borders. Cybercrimes can happen to anyone once their information is breach by an unlawful user.The purpose of this paper is to analyze the evolving nature of cyber-crimes,find out the role of Interpol in fighting cybercrime, technologies being used to fight cybercrime, and ways of enhancing cyber-crime.

There are several factors that lead to the increased rates of cybercrime. In the first place, the aggressive advancement of current technology is making these rates of crime to be very difficult to be detected. Moreover, law enforcement agencies and people do not have required methodical proficiency to counter with felonious activity. In some cases, once a criminal activity has been discovered,the affected parties, for instance, businessmen getunenthusiastic to lodge a report and further investigationdue to the fear of antagonistic publicity, awkwardness, loss of public poise, investor loss, or other economic ramifications. As a result of these factors, the rates ofcyber-crime cases and the statistics across the world cannot be detectedand recorded accurately.

There are three main categories of cybercrimes. These are crimes against the person, property and the government. Cybercrime against a personentails harassment through email or cyber-stalking. Cyber Stalking refers to the deliberate process of following the moves of an individual’s doings over internet. This is achieved throughnumerous protocols accessible, for instance e- mail, chat rooms, user net groups while. At the same time, harassment entails sexual, racial, religious, or others aspects among others. Women and children are the predominant victims in this kind of crime.

Under the crimes against property,it incorporates aspects such as computer defacement by diffusion of harmful programs to other computer through internet. Furthermore, cybercriminal can also entail taking contents of individual bank account online. The most common method ofachieving this is through the money transfer email scam like when individuals receive emails invitingthem to help with transmitting funds from other nations. Hacking into organizations websites involves property trespass, and pilfering information is property theft. The third category involved cybercrimes against governments. The most common example of this category is cyber terrorism that affects so many lives.It involves hacking into a government website, predominantly the military sites, and also web jacking. Through web jacking, hackers gain admittance and control over the website of another entity and can go ahead and change the content of website in order to fulfillpolitical impartial or for monetary gains.

The Evolving Nature of Cybercrime

Currently, new trends entailedin cybercrime are evolving each passing moment with projected costs to the international economy running to billions of dollars. Earlier on, cybercrime was devotedand practiced largely by specific persons or small groups. At present, there are evident compound cybercriminal networks from different individuals across the worldwho are committing crimes in an extraordinarymeasure. Criminal groupsare turning progressively to the Internet to facilitate their activities through criminal actions and they maximize their profit within the least time possible. The crimes that are committed online are common, for instance, theft, fraud, and illegal gamblingamong others. However,these crimes are evolvingin terms of opportunities being innovated and presented online and,consequently,turning out to beprevalent and destructive.

Distinctwith other legitimate businesses, cybercriminals are not inhibited by national limitations and function under a cover of obscurity. This factor has enhanced online criminal activities since it makes it hard for law enforcement agencies to detect the perpetrators to discover their next move.  Initially, cybercrime focused on single person operating criminals who took the advantage of weaknesses in the computer operating system or computer network. In as much asthere was some degree of damage financially and the security risks, the crimes by a single persondid not have the motive and determination of traditional criminal gangs. Therefore, cybercrime was infantile during this era with no huge damages. Currently, there are advanced cybercriminal activities organized and focused everywhere. Like in the olden times,thecurrent hardened criminal gangs are working on the Internet in a safe domain that operate and generate large profits. They have incorporated proficient elements into the world of cybercrime in using computer networks to penetratethe systems for huge financial gain. The new cybercrimes that have evolved include cyber-extortion, information theft, fraud,identity theft, exploitation of children, intellectual property theft, phishing, and vishingamong others.

The Role of Interpol in Fighting Cybercrime

Interpol is one of the ancient and prevalent forms of global police collaborationinternationally. It entails 190 member states that aggressivelyunite on numerous crime capacities. It is significant to note that from the legitimatestandpoint, Interpol is aworldwideassociationdespite the fact that it was not established through a worldwide accord (Broadhurst, 2006) The main objectives of the entity are detailed in the article 2 of its own Constitution and are “To guarantee and encourage the extensive possible mutual assistance between all criminal police establishments within the limits of the laws existing in the different nations and in the spirit of the “Universal Declaration of Human Rights”” and “To establish and develop all institutions likely to contribute effectively to the prevention and suppression of ordinary law crimes”. Through the Interpol Global Cybercrime Expert Group, the organ assemblesprofessionals from diverse cyber-related arenas to offerguidance on establishing cyber strategy, research, training, forensics, and operations.There are noboundaries in cyberspace, thus, giving rise to challenges for the police and other law enforcing agencies in investigating cybercrime occurrences, which may encompassrespondents, victims, and crimes coveringseveralnations.Interpolsupports member republics in distributingas well as consolidating information on acknowledged cyber happenings, and it scrutinizes this data with an intention of coming up withapplicableintellectto be used by police and other law enforcing entities on the ground.Apart from intelligence sharing, Interpol alsoprovidesdirection on best applies in carrying out cybercrime inquiries. It is evident that most of cybercrimes are transnational in nature, therefore,the entity becomes a natural partner for all the law implementation agency searching to investigate these crimes on a compliant level. Through collaboration with the private industry, Interpol is able to offerhomegrown law implementationfirms with intensive cyber intelligence, resulting from coalescingefforts on a global scale. The main organization resourcefulness in cybercrime focus on functioning and investigative support, cyber intelligence and examination, digital forensics, invention and exploration, capacity building

and national cyber reviews.

Use of New Technologies to Fight Cybercrime

The currentpersonal, commercial, and government migration to the digital demesne has made criminals to carry out their activities easily and accurately. Large-scale cyber-attacks are turning out to be more regular and expensive for businesses and organizations across the world. The assailantsare having enough resources and sophistication as well as being betterplannedthan ever before.Several banks, especially in the United States, havefallen victims of cyber-attacks over the past period of time. For instance, cybercriminals managed to take 3.6 million social security numbers as well as almost 400,000 credit card numbers and tax figures from South Carolina Department of Revenue computers, burdening the state with a total of $20 million in onslaught costs (Be’ery,2012). Therefore, improvedtechnology security needs to be developed and invested. Financial services organizationsneed to enhancea yearly average cyber security spending to address the issue of cyber-attacks.

Therefore, as organizations and administration agencies progressivelyembrace cloud, mobile and social computing, information technology (IT) environments are turning out to be more hard to protect.Progressively, the entities need to consider that online security threats are inevitable.Technological approaches need to go beyond defense to entail detection, response, and recovery. These requirements necessitate the need forimproved skills andstrategies as well as distinct tools and technology,for instance, unremittingobserving and risk forensics powered by analytics. Cyber security is progressivelyturning out to be a point of focus among companymanagement.

With cloud, mobile, and social computing making new security exposures, customarycyber security products, such as firewalls and antivirus scanners are not in position tohandle every threat. Applications, such as network security analyzers,on the other hand,can be challenging for some entities to efficientlyapplythem without external assistance and expertcyber securitycapacity, which isa short supply. Specializedamenitiesorganizations are responding by integrating security offerings that espouse the computerization and analytical abilities of IT platforms with human intelligence to assist in detecting criminal activities.These improvements are vital in assistingfirms to monitor, gather, and investigatehuge data sets and detectarrays that designategaps or attempted breaches. In this manner, organizations are empowered to respond to dangers with more alertness. Establishmentscan no moredepend onunreceptiveresistances against cyber-attacks. Incorporating combinedastuteness and linkingmechanizationas well as analytics to human judgment is vital forfirms to lessen the danger of a cyber-attack and decrease the expenses of extenuatingoccurrencestake place.

Ways of Enhancing Online Safety

Different legislations against infringements of privacy have been adopted in several nations of the world. Moreover, data protection laws have also been set up to address the concept of cyber-crime. A critical observation of the laws indicate that diverse worldwide conductshave been attainedsubstantialconsistency in the commonorganizational and civil law regulations of the national privacy laws.Therefore, there is a need for a global criminalization to address the cybercrime menace. Nevertheless, some nations, especially developing countries, may lack the required investigative ability or technological capability to handle the issue of cyber security. This calls for measures toharmonize and alignglobal cybercrime laws by entities and bodies, for instance, the Council of Europe’s Convention on Cybercrime (COECC) as well as the United Nations Convention against Transnational organized Crime. Global co-operation by nations across the world isnecessary to comply withthe Conventions to ensure the laws are applied uniformly since the problem is universal. The main objective of the laws should be to settle for a homogenous criminal approach policythat is objected to guard the society against cybercrime, specifically through integration ofeffective legislation and enhancing global co-operation.

Conclusion

Cybercrime will always be a continuing confront regardless of the development being witnessed in several nations across the world.  Numerous nations have established their own rules and regulations toaddress issues ofcybercrimes. Nevertheless, some nations do not have any laws and regulations but they exclusivelydepend onordinaryglobal law to put these crimes on trial. Besides the outdated laws and regulations to deal with cybercrime perpetrators,there are also delicate consequences in place to chastisecyber-crime perpetrators, an aspect that has lessimplication on the preclusion of cybercrimes, which have an effect on the financial system and individuals’ socialwellbeing on a large scale by the perpetrators. Therefore, there is a franticrequirement for all nations across the global scale to put up joint efforts and decide on what amounts to cybercrime, andestablish ways to address the problems of cybercrimes globally.

Hackers and cyber criminals will remain to be in existence so long as computers have will exist. In recent times alongsideadvances of technology and the rise of the internet, cybercrimes have progressed in astonishing ways. Currently, individualsmuch of their day connected to the internet than they do without it. Cyber criminals have taken this opportunitythrough manipulating e-commerce and misusing intellectual properties across the whole world

Several cases of cyber-criminal activities are being witnessed every day. In numerous scenarios, the legal system has failed to address the issue fully despite the efforts being put.In olden days, the internet was associated to the wild west, having no rules and regulations tocontrol it. However, cyber law is becoming progressivelybecoming in place and harder to break the law online. However, the system is not faultless since many people are stillfinding it easier to get away with a crime on the online than it is in real life.

Regarding the laws that on cybercrime, some facets of the law are functional while other arenot working. Technology is here to remain, therefore individuals will continue to spend much of their time and resources online. Every time an individual is online, he or she is a susceptible target of a cyber-criminal. Criminals od perpetrators are complex to deal with since they are anonymous and located in different parts across the world. This is why it is critical to carry on working with our foreign partners to fortify cyber laws not just in one nation but across the whole world.

Recommendations

It is recommended that unless effectivelawful actions are applied toindividual’snational and international ways of harrying criminals, self-protection is key and represents the first mechanism of controlling cybercrimes. Every person and organizationsneed to ensure they are familiar with cybercrimesbecause they can be victims of the peril. This fundamental awareness is significant inthwarting possible cybercrimes against individuals.

Furthermore, the law protecting intellectual property owners against online piracy should be enhanced. Numerous cases of file sharing sites are still in actuality since they function in nations where online piracy is permissible. A focus should be placed on these nations and force put on them to prohibit these websites to function, particularly when thepopulations have access to them. These can also be enhanced through cracking setting stringent penalties on the people who usethese sites to download pilferedinformation or content.

As indicated before, cybercrimewill remain as long as technology is active, if anything it is even becoming resilient. Through an analysis ofoccurrences, lesson can be learnt from them and apply that information in the thwartingimpending crime. Cyber law will also have to be transformed in order to keep in shape with theevolving nature of the criminalsin order to be able to control cybercrime. There should also be a balance in law regardingprotecting citizens from crime and invading on their rights.

Another way in improving the problem of cybercrime is through education. As we have seen the challenges of cybercrime, governments and other concerned agencies should in strategies ways of fighting them through education and not depending on law alone.It has been evident that several organizationsas well as government agencieshave identifiedloopholes with which cyber criminals or even cyber-terrorist could can make use in conducting future crimes.In most cases,organizationsinvolve them as specialistsin helping them to construct solid security for their systems and data. Through learning their techniques and methods, organizations should come up with skills learned from these activities to be able to bar their activities. Furthermore, these entities should invest in providing more skills and knowledge to the technological experts in order to counter methods that are employed by the cyber criminals.

Moreover, it is becoming almostimpracticable to condense cybercrime from the cyber-space. As it is evident from different acts passed, it is proven that no legislation has attained the level of total abolition of cybercrime across the globe.Therefore, the onlypotentialmechanism is through individuals understanding their rights online and coming up with morestringentrules to punish cybercrime perpetrators.

Nonetheless, the corporate world needs to come up withapproaches to ensure that their employees are guided and they follow thesafety conducts to make sure thatuprightness and privacy of stored datais maintained at all times to contest cybercrimes. Safety practices,for instance, staying off work sites during an organization working timesare crucial to reduce the chances of viruses being downloaded to infringe the system and forward chain emails. Others include not leaving an open workstation unattended or security key sharing over implicit mediums. If all these strategies are observed, chances of cyber-criminal work are minimized.

References

Be’ery,Tal. (2012). The South Carolina Data Breach: A Lesson in Deaf and Blind Cybersecurity. Retreived from http://www.securityweek.com/south-carolina-data-breach-lesson-deaf-and-blind-cybersecurity

Broadhurst, R. (2006). Developments in the global law enforcement of cyber-crime. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 29(3), 408-433.

Dalla, E. H., & Geeta, M. S. (2013). Cyber Crime A Threat to Persons, Property, Government and Societies. International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering, 3(5), 997-1002.

Sample Paper on Mexican Civilization my assignment essay help london

Mexican Civilization

In the sentiment of a nation, we get several ideas about the Mexican civilization that Morelos point that tell us about the colonial experience in New Spain. Before the Mexican insurgency, a mass famine struck the lowland region; the inability of the lower class to rule in Mexico resulted in anger due to social injustices that were widespread in the country. The Crisis of Legitimacy was caused by widespread social injustices and the desire to overthrow the corrupt government and replace it with a more legitimate regime.

First, we realize that religion played a vital role in the conquest of New Spain. Religious leaders were at the forefront in ensuring that independence was achieved, we get to know that the Catholic Church was the dominant force in Western civilization, for instance, Mexico. As time moved, the monarchies of Europe like that one that was established in Spain commenced to consolidate power. Spain, the forerunner in the Age of Discovery, was a Catholic state as it is evident from the events that characterized the colonies of Spain. Morelos was a religious leader who played a vital role in ensuring that the people of Mexico were free from the chains of colonialism and slavery. In the sentiment of a nation we get to know of the harsh treatment that the natives of Mexico endured as result of colonialism that was characterized by enslavement and harsh treatment of other groups with no exception of the blacks. Slavery and harsh treatment was widespread in the monarch for the reason that slaves provided cheap labour to the colonialist.

Second, we also get insights on the conquest of the empire and the methods that were used to gain freedom. From the harsh treatment that people were subjected to through racist stereotypes and other methods that were used to segregate, we get to know of the harsh experiences that the natives of the monarch and other minority inferior groups had to go through. It’s of the idea the Spaniard had a justification for the use of attributing of the strengths being attributed to their extreme powers.  There is also the belief that a single enslaved Black was comparable to four indigenous persons as it’s held that the Black Spaniards that were being enslaved and could survive as per the demands of labour of both the indigenous populations and Whites could not. The Afro-Mexican that was being enslaved used to work in different areas in the colony for example; they laboured in sugar plantations, silver mines, and textile firms. They developed of the most fundamental ideological notions which solely relied on chauvinistic concepts, their notion of Limpieza de Sangre which was used to distinguish one who did not originate from the Old Christian stock. According to the Spaniards’ view any individual who did not have the pure blood was regarded as displaying the lack of ancestral roots of the Jews, Muslims or Black ancestors.

The main ideas that can be gotten from the sentiment of a nation about the Mexican civilization is the role of different institutions in the fight for independence and how slavery was used as a tool to suppress non-Spaniards. It is evident that different social groups existed in the monarch who was composed of evidential elite minority of the Spanish origin that exercised economic, social domination and the blacks were on the lowest level on the hierarchical ladder and were used as slaves who provided labour because of their energy.

Sample Paper on Post-colonialism common app essay help

Introduction

Post-colonialism responds towards the human penalty of controlling a country and establishing settlers for the economic exploitation of the native people and their land. It looks at the communal, educational and opinionated special effects of release from the effects of colonialism and continuing the anti-colonial challenge to the western supremacy (Ashcroft and Tiffin 2006). The major factors that have greatly contributed to the post-colonial identity of the decolonized people and the politics of knowledge are best addressed in the field of post-colonialism. It derives from the colonizer’s creation of cultural awareness about the colonized people and how that Western cultural knowledge was applied to overcome a non-European people into a colony of the European Mother Country, which, after the initial invasion, was affected using the cultural identities of colonizer and colonized. In the context of the two novels, post-colonialism had both the constructive and unconstructive implications on the native inhabitants and their territory.

The theory of resistance and representation

These are some major theories about the post-colonial literature. The theories could be either resistance or representation. The original residents are well represented or the hostility experienced by the oppressing colonizers. The substance evolution in the postcolonial prose was aided by the existence of sustaining institutions such as scholarships, doctrines, and other colonial styles. Both the colonizer and the colonized have more of an intellectual domination rather than a political one. The two theories of resistance and representation would best be explained in the two post-colonial novels (Ashcroft and Tiffin 2006).

The nervous condition by Tsitsi Dangarembga and heart of darkness by Joseph Conrad

The Nervous Condition and the Heart of Darkness have highlighted the impacts of post-colonialism majorly in two African countries. In the novel of nervous conditions of Tsitsi Dangarembga, post-colonialism in Zimbabwe is outlined whereas the novel heart of darkness describes the post-colonialism along the Congo River. Both speak of the colonial masters and the missionaries who visited the two nations to impart their culture over the African culture. All embracing, many of the residents in the two African countries described in the Conrad’s and Dangarembga’s narrations. According to the narrators in the two novels, it is clear that they never liked the colonizers ways of life, and they could not bear the burden. According to the narrators ‘perception, decolonization is an ethical project just because he views it as something outside the very structures which end up leading to nations, nationalism and all its issues.

In the context of the two narrations, Tsitsi Dangarembga and Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness, postcolonial literature addresses various problems. Moreover, consequences of the decolonization of a country, especially the political and cultural independence of formerly subjugated colonial peoples; it also covers literary critiques of and about postcolonial literature, the undertones of which carries, communicate, and justify racialism and colonialism. Modern forms of postcolonial literature aim at assimilating postcolonialism and its literary expressions. In the context of the two novels, post-colonialism had both the constructive and unconstructive implications for the home-based inhabitants. It would be wrong to ascertain that post-colonialism theory is as a result of the discussions on the role of imperialism since it is not independent.

In Dangarembga’s Nervous Conditions, the post-colonialism saw Africans get assimilated. It resulted from the pressure from the colonial masters. The colonial masters could only develop and support the poor African families upon acquiring their culture. The novel nervous conditions, explains how Tambu’s uncle, Babamukuru, who received the Western education from the white missionaries. The uncle is offered a job by the bosses of the colonialism as the headmaster in a missionary school. It was an achievement as Tambu’s uncle could successfully support his family by providing them with the basic needs they would need such as food, shelter, clothing, and education. He and his family enjoy material privileges from the white masters. Acquiring the European way of life had a positive implication on the lives of the Africans. The novel, Nervous condition indicates that in a nation where most Africans live in poverty, the currency of food in such a nation is both real and symbolic. Those Africans who were affiliated to the colonial masters got the favors from them. According to the narrator, the favors from these colonial masters were basically to buy the African culture and erode it with their culture.

Missionaries and their schools

Additionally, the colonial masters in Zimbabwe as portrayed in the novel and the nervous conditions led to the introduction of missionary schools. For instance, the missionary school in which Tambu’s uncle was the headmaster and the sacred heart school where Tambu learned English. At the expense of these privileges, his two children could hardly speak their Shone language. The persona is scornful and hurt by the fact that the people have started learning the language of the colonies. They have completely abandoned their culture and picked up the Whiteman’s culture. It is as a result in loss of real awareness of being a distinct person in the postcolonial state. The Whiteman successfully managed to assimilate the Africans through the primary education offered by the missionaries who saw some Africans learn English and eventually adopting the colonial masters’ way of life. Assimilation was observed at the expense of the loyal Africans to the colonial masters abandoning his cultural beliefs and acquiring the colonial masters’ way of living.

Colonial education

There was an immense drive among the native people of Zimbabwe to educate themselves through the system of the European colonialists, turn and make use of the action in the novel. The missionaries were determined and convinced of the fact that the Africans who accessed education could pose threats to the social order; spoken and written English had value in Shona society. According to Nervous Conditions, there is persistent inequality for the women and the girl child. Regarding acquisition of knowledge, the boy child was preferred and to balance the limited resources available, it was routine that the boy child is given the first priority at the expense of the girl child. As outlined in the Dangarembga’s novels. Mr. Baker, the white missionary, only sends his sons, but not his daughter, to boarding school while Tambu’s brother, Nhamo, attends school at the mission. The primary education gained from the missionary schools enlightened Tambu and Nyasha of the Nervous Conditions. They acquired the skills that enabled them to question the validity of colonial system that was patriarchal in nature.  They could realize their inferior status that was perpetuated by the system and revolt against it.

Racism and racial discrimination in Heart of Darkness

The novel’s title, the Heart of Darkness explains how the native people were described as the archetypal evil. The act of racial discrimination was highly practiced as portrayed in the heart and darkness. He made fun of the Africans by referring to them as ugly inhabitants who don’t deserve to live on the planet. Though the novel describes Africans in the Congo region as being human, it’s further stated that Africa as a setting and backdrop which eliminates the African as a human factor. This effect of post-colonialism resulted after the colonial bosses visited Africa (Comaroff comaroff 2003).

The colonial chiefs despised the Africans just because they believed Africans were the primitive specimen, which was so unethical and unappreciated in the society. It further states that the place is dark and brings insanity to the European hero. In Joseph Conrad’s novel, this was the most important reason why the narrator was not pleased with the idea of Mr. Kurtz adopting the African culture and his effort to learn the Congolese language. The same case scenario was evident in the nervous condition in which Tambu tells how the missionaries carried out their lives in Zimbabwe. The missionaries continued the effort to learn and understand the Shona language shows how committed they were to learn from the Zimbabwean people (Spivak, 1999). However, the enthusiasm of the missionaries to learn the Shona language had a great impact in the society since the Whiteman’s education system had so deeply affected the Zimbabwean consciousness. The group of missionaries in Zimbabwe was just a depiction of the least number of the total missionaries. Concerning Tambu’s corrupt mentality, she felt that the people of her village were inferior and powerless to the whites who had invaded their land.

The postcolonial in Zimbabwe as per the narrator, Nervous Conditions resulted in gender and class issues. Substancewealthis not the only issue that colonialism took control over. It oppresses the people and makes lives miserable. This paper analyzes the various means in which both Nervous Conditions and Heart of Darkness characterize the emerging findings of the state after independence in Zimbabwe. It presents arguments that the two novels refuse to minimize politics in Southern Rhodesia in influencing the processes of post-colonial identity re-alignments. Zimbabwe was colonized by Britain and later gained her independence in 1980. The documentation of Nervous Conditions can be viewed as a critical political intervention that was aimed at changing marginal duties which women have been given under colonialism and continue to perform then even after the country gained independence.

The white colonial masters built the white houses for some Africans in Zimbabwe. Heroine’s uncle of Tsitsi Dangarembga’s Nervous Conditions was accommodated in one of the executive houses, an offer that was given to him by the white colonial masters. There was a massive construction of houses to cater for the educated Africans who were in the mission schools built for the Africans who had acquired scholarships to study in the European countries. It improved the level of education since most of the native people wished they would have the opportunity to live in the white house’s which were built for the learned in the community. As a result of the increased number, the know-how and exposure were increased among the Africans, and they were in good position to understand the virtues.

According to the context of the Heart of Darkness, following Joseph Conrad’s knowledge in Congo, he was so critical of the European policy in Congo Basin. The natives were always exploited doing odd jobs, slave trading, and sexual harassment of the local women (Basch and Blanc 2005). Based on the past analysis related to the colonial era, women were discriminated by the colonialist and also the African men. The colonial bosses forced the women in the Congo basin to work on the land they had forcefully acquired from the native communities. Women spent most time working under strict supervision whereas they received little reward. Additionally, the Black men oppressed their wives by using them as sex objects and denying them the basic education. King Leopold, a colonial master, kept on calling Africans names. For instance, in his speech in 1876, he proclaimed the pierce darkness enshrouding the entire population. The statement had a related meaning to the Conrad’s title Heart of Darkness. The narrator in his view feels the access to education by the women will provide a better bargaining power and equally fight for their rights which were exploited by both the colonial and African men.

The anxious conditions give an account of Tambudzayi Sigauke’s fight to obtain basic education. Women who are black live are sexually discriminated from their men and thus find themselves cooperating and uniting with black men against the patriarchal system of colonialism as they fight their men (Basch and Blanc 2005). Some women in Nervous Conditions assisted Tambudzayi in escaping from the problems associated with womanhood imposed by the collaboration between the colonialism and the traditional Shona patriarchy. In the novel, Tambudzayi’s grandmother discusses the historical times of the colonial period on the African collective method of production. Arguably, Tambudzayi came to realize that the Africans were not allowed to exploit their productive agricultural land by the masters of colonialism immediately after the war that occurred in 1896. Following the loss of political freedom also went the African men’s capacity to provide for their families. The immediate option was to look for work in the emergent European farms and mines, an improvement, which left many women in control cultivation in rural areas thus being able to raise school fees for their families and also provide the basic necessities for their families (Chahrabarty, 2009).

Nervous Condition deals with the concern of the duties and responsibilities undertaken by the Africans during the colonial period and after self-governance in Southern Africa. The sufferings and humiliations women went through have made them feel less worthy in the African community. Dangarembgwa uses stereotypes to provide images of Black women who reject to be bullied by the Black men during colonialism times. Tambudzayi also rejects to give in to her father’s advice of her staying  at home with her mother so that she is able to learn how to cook and to reproduce the next generations for the reason that she will not cook books and feed them to her husband. Following the narrations of the two novels, it is evident that women have been so much empowered in the postcolonial era. Several women are in leadership positions and they undertake their duties so well. The move has equally enabled most women to feel motivated and struggle to get equal opportunities just like the men.

Postcolonialism was a major factor to the increased poverty in African countries such as Zimbabwe and Congo as portrayed in the two novels, the heart of darkness and nervous condition. The colonial masters forcefully acquired the African lands and turned to be the bosses as they left the Africans with tiny land to cultivate. Basically, the Congo basin lies along the Congo River. The general climatic condition along River Congo facilitates agricultural activities. It was not made possible because the colonial masters turned them into Whiteman’s land and instead forced the Africans just to work as slaves. It was the main reason for the resistances and eventual demand for independence from the colonial authorities.

Postcolonial Identity in Dangarembga’s

Many Africans were given new names by the colonial leaders. It was because most African names were so difficult for the colonizers pronunciation. The colonial masters had difficulties in pronouncing African names. Therefore, they gave Africans that were easy for them to pronounce. Nervous condition explains how Mashoko was given a new name by Mr. Brown. The change of name was not because the people of Zimbabwe were ignorant, but it was the only means to get a job with the Europeans (Chahrabarty, 2009). The Africans in Zimbabwe would be forced to work for the Europeans in order to the settle the high taxes imposed on them by the colonial masters. The taxes were compulsory, and failure to pay could lead to seizing of their cattle by the colonial chiefs.

Nervous condition outlines how Africans could be sold out as slaves. A collection of Africans could be sold as slaves in exchange for gold. However, it is against Human privileges to trade on persons. During the process of selling out Africans to work in Asian continent as slaves led to breakage of families and as most of the young ones were left with no one to take care of them. According to the narrator, it is a key challenge and dealing with the problem is the vital problem(Young, 2003). The narrator urges all the natives always to remain united. The narrator argues that if the they stay united; they would probably resist the bully by the whites who sold them out as slaves.

In conclusion, both novels analyze the post-colonialism primarily in two African countries. The nervous of conditions examines the Zimbabwe and the Heart of Darkness talks about the great Congo Basin. The Africans before colonization were full of their culture and rarely value the formal education. As much as the colonizers were dictators of Africans way of life, they played an important role by imparting their western culture and exposure to the native people. The missionaries were capable of accessing Africa following the fact that the colonial bosses were their fellow Whiteman. Through that, they were able to offer the necessary requirements to the loyal natives such as scholarships and medical services.  Arguably, the post-colonialism has transformed the colonized nations more positively than it would have negatively done.

References

Ashcroft, B., Griffiths, G. and Tiffin, H., 2006. The post-colonial studies reader. Taylor & Francis.

Basch, L., Schiller, N.G. and Blanc, C.S. eds., 2005. Nations unbound: Transnational projects, postcolonial predicaments, and deterritorialized nation-states. Routledge.

Chakrabarty, D., 2009. Provincializing Europe: Postcolonial thought and historical difference. Princeton University Press.

Chatterjee, P., 1993. The nation and its fragments: Colonial and postcolonial histories (Vol. 11). Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Comaroff, J. and Comaroff, J.L., 1993. Modernity and its malcontents: Ritual and power in postcolonial Africa. University of Chicago Press.

Spivak, G.C., 1999. A critique of postcolonial reason. Harvard university press

Young, R., 2003. Postcolonialism (p. 140). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Sample Paper on Fundraising in Nonprofit Organizations high school essay help: high school essay help

Fundraising in Nonprofit Organizations

Success in Fundraising

Organizations adopt various ways of raising funds with some paying attention to high dollar corporate fundraisings while others seek grants from foundations. One of the most common modes of fundraising that have emerged is online and social media campaigns. Regardless of the manner in which a firm seeks to raise money, every fundraising event could either be an achievement or a failure. The definition of success in fundraising depends on some elements such as having clear goals. For any fundraising event to be successful, it must have clear objectives right from the start. The organizers understand what they want to achieve and plan a strategy that will meet these goals.

Some of the questions that guide a successful fundraising event include whether the project hopes to acquire new donors or to expand its already existing donor base or if the sought support is for necessitating a new initiative. Success in fundraising starts with detailing the apparent objectives of the event in the initial planning stages (Polivy 98). Success in fundraising results from adhering to the company’s brand. Nonprofit firms rarely use the term brand. However, it is key to separate the personal and organizational values of the enterprise when planning to fundraise. An event that embraces professional ethos yields positively. The design of the fundraising exercise has to accommodate the firm’s brand as one way of wooing supporters who could turn into long-term donors.

A fundraising effort cannot bear much fruit in the absence of the right resources. Even though the core goal of fundraising is to generate money, it is an expensive exercise. For instance, it costs staff time thus creating a high opportunity cost that could see the organization losing money. Therefore, a successful fundraising activity observes a well thought-out budget that captures costs such as staff time and other direct expenses and compares them to the revenue projections expected (Worth 227). As a result, it is easier to understand the intended return on investment before embarking on the exercise.

Community, Behavioral, Ethical, and Organizational Components of Success in Fundraising

Ethical. When nonprofit organizations make a plan to solicit for funds, they must clearly state the ways in which they wish to spend the amount raised. They must ensure they do not assign the funds to other uses other than the initially reported one or else they will lose the trust of the donor (Polivy 87). Moreover, when funders witness the honesty of the firm in utilizing the funds for the right functions, they feel encouraged to invite other prospects in supporting the organization.

Community. The identified need which prompts the business to solicit for funds must have some relevance to the community. For instance, the aim could be to promote education, health, culture, or any aspects that seek to improve the society’s wellbeing. However, community needs such as health is a broad subject, and donors want to know a particular need that the money raised will help to address. Therefore, fundraisers must narrow down their objective to more discrete needs such as extending comprehensive services to the elderly people suffering from the Alzheimer’s disease.

Organizational. Every business enterprise has a strategic plan that drives its operations. Fundraisers should thus not solicit for funds if the objective of the exercise does not align with the company’s strategic plan. It is the obligation of the board members to plan the fundraising activity based on the strategic goals of the organization (Worth 336). The team should critically evaluate the internal and external factors that could hinder the firm from realizing the short-term and long-term goals of the company and seek ways of confronting them. When it is clear that the enterprise does not have the financial abilities to sustain its operations, it can thus resolve to fundraise. The fundraising activity should never take place before the organization has apparently determined the gaps that need addressing with the resources realized (Worth 412).

Behavioral. Fundraisers must refrain from giving false reports about the beneficiaries of the solicited funds to the potential donor hoping to get support from them. For instance, if the elderly people suffering from the Alzheimer’s disease in the society do not have sufficient primary care essential in managing their conditions, fundraisers should solicit funds to source for more caregivers. They should not say, for instance, that the aging also lacks in other basics such as shelter. They should always state facts (Worth 459). If a donor contributes funds during a time when they lack the capacitation to do so, it is fair for the fundraiser to return the donation.

Barriers to Success in Fundraising

It is a grave matter for an organization to engage in fundraising without first defining the purpose of the raised funds. It is thus effective to start with proper planning to determine how the funds raised will be put into use. As a result, it is essential not only to ask for a certain amount from potential donors but to explain a definite plan of action as well as the desired outcome of the exercise (Worth 417). For instance, a fundraiser could send a message to potential donors requesting them to donate $10 to reduce the cases of malaria attacks in Africa.

The appeal is not a strong one because it has neither explained how the $10 will reduce malaria in Africa nor the expected outcome. It would have been better for the solicitor to include that the donation will buy mosquito nets for all the vulnerable populations in Africa thus increasing their resistance to the deadly disease by 70 percent. Once a potential donor discovers the positive outcome that their donation will create in the society, they become more willful to contribute.

Secondly, if the fundraiser only remembers to contact the donors when they need support, the campaign is likely to bear insignificant fruits. People will only feel charitable towards organizations they value and care about their development. Therefore, it is vital to build sound relationships with the donors by occasionally contacting them to check on their progress but not reaching out to them only when the need to solicit for funds has risen (Polivy 223). Instead, the fundraiser should involve the donors to be part of their considerable efforts where they feel they have a role to play.

It is fundamental to make the fundraising affair a joint effort where the donors feel obliged to fulfill their part. Fundraisers should thus come up with an essential communication pattern where they regularly keep in touch with the donors (Polivy 124). For instance, the nonprofit firms should occasionally send updates about their progress to the donors or surprise them with ‘thank you’ notes. They should always remember to share their success stories with the people who supported them in achieving big milestones.

Structuring the Fund-raising Department

A competent leader of any nonprofit organization understands the core objectives of the fundraising department and structures the unit to meet these goals. Firstly, the structure should be in such a way that 80 percent of the effort goes to raising funds to attend to the needs of the vulnerable populations (Worth 114). The remaining 20 percent is to help the firm by being mindful about its brand. In the first objective of the structure, employees should care more about building healthy relationships with their donors instead of getting them to give out donations (Polivy 98). Therefore, the department has to make the potential donors a part of their team and welcome them to enjoy a sense of ownership in the charitable exercises.

They should make an effort of involving their donors in every step of their progress, for instance, sharing their objectives with them. As a result, the donors feel the value of their support, and will be willing to continue because the fundraisers have already become open about their strategic use of the donations. Donors can even suggest more viable ways of meeting the needs of the vulnerable populations because they are already aware of the real situations in the ground and feel obligated to work in partnership with the nonprofit organization (Polivy 78). Much of the firm’s resources should thus go to establishing stable relationships with donors.

The next objective of the fundraising unit within a nonprofit organization is allocating some firms’ resources to building and maintaining the brand of the company (Worth 94). The public must receive a positive image of the organization through effective PR and events. Once a firm has planned and managed an event, it only succeeds in securing dollars but not donors. Such a self-funding branding strategy leaves the general public with a positive attitude of the firm. Even though the activity still realizes funds for the organization, it goes beyond the money aspect into promoting the brand.

Organizational Culture That Fosters Ethical Fundraising Professionals

Nonprofit leaders should foster a fundraising team that demonstrates respect for the donors. For instance, they can display their appreciation to the funders through sending them timely gift acknowledgments. As a result, the donors feel even more appreciated to support the firm in its future endeavors (Polivy 184). Further, the fundraising team should submit reports to foundations in promptly manner which indicates that they value their donors and will update them on the progress of the organization.

Leaders should further ensure that their fundraising staff honors the donors’ requests by not listing them on their websites if they choose to remain anonymous. However, for those who do not mind the rest of the world to know about their supportive role in the running of the nonprofit business, it is an honorable thing to list them down on the website (Worth 470). Leaders should also educate their team members on how to manage the donors’ expectations regarding the acceptable and unacceptable donations of the nonprofit entity. For instance, if the donors donate used computers, the fundraiser professional can reject the offer in a decent manner citing the company policy on donating used staff (473).

Works Cited

Polivy, Deborah Kaplan. Donor Cultivation and the Donor Lifecycle Map. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2014. Print. Pgs. 17-226. ISBN – 978-1-118-60377-2.

Worth, Michael J. Fundraising Principles and Politics. New York, NY: SAGE Publications, 2016. Print. Pgs. 67- 486. ISBN – 978-1-4833-1952-0.

Sample Essays on Michael Toolan – Narrative Theories essay help online free

Michael Toolan – Narrative Theories

I.Context

Michael Toolan isan Edinburgh University educated professor of English Language and Literature at Birmingham University.While teaching for several years with focus on the English language, the distinctive professor has engaged in authorship and publication of several literary materials aimed at improving the learning capability of The English language in many of its contexts (Toolan, 2016).Through his work, the professor has dwelled on the subjects of oral presentations, narratives and poetry, while delving into the process of analyzing them, the key aspects that constitute the various concepts of analysis and the application of theories to analysis of literary pieces.Professor Toolan has published many books, particularly on the linguistic characteristics of various forms of works such as poems and short stories.As the focal point of the present study, the works of Professor Toolan with focus on the narrative will be discussed i.e. their proposed theories and the relevance of those theories in the contemporary works.The outcome will be used for the analysis of various interview excerpts in the context of the interview.

II.Description of theory

Michael Toolan, through his various works proposes a theory of narrative development based on particular features.According tohis theory, narrative development can be understood through analysis of the concepts of expectation and prospection.He proposes a structural stylistic method of narrative analysis which involves consideration of various factors considered as constituting a well formulated narrative.To understand whether a piece of work is a narrative or has undergone the complete narrative development cycle, Michael Toolan defines expectation as the attitude of the audience to the work, characterized by the desire tocomprehend the eventualities in the narrative presentation, whether oral or written (2009).Any piece of work projects such expectationsthrough stylistic ingredients of narration such as presentation gaps, suspense, and mystery.In the development of his theory, Toolan mentions factors such as use of names where pronouns could function effectively as examples of how the core ingredients could be used to create expectation in the audience (Huisman, 2011).

While expounding on the concept of narration in the development of presentations, the author also discusses how the corpus linguistic awareness approach and the Gricean approach to narrative analysis can be used together to build the foundations of a narrative (Toolan, 2009).According to the author, the two approaches used together build each other rather than destroying the presentations of the other.The corpus linguistic awareness approach discussed involves the use of various characteristics to determine the effectiveness of narration.From this perspective, the narrative is characterized by the presence of the tale, teller and the addressee.The addressee in the narrative has to trust the teller of the narrative in order for communication to be successful.Moreover, the initialization of a narrative is characterized by the use of verbs such as ‘know’ and ‘think’ which prompt the addressee to think about possibilities of the coming information (Toolan, 2008).Other characteristics of narration from this perspective include repetition of key words, future orientation, presence of negation clauses such as don’t and not which indicate the desire to comprehend more of what the teller is giving (Toolan, 1988).Each narrative also has a trajectory and the content is either pre-seen or pre-heard.

From the theory developed by Michael Toolan, it is difficult to define and classify communication as narratives after considering the available characteristics.It is therefore possible to use the characterization given by Toolan as a form of structural linguistic awareness procedure for the characterization of interviews as narratives (1988).Besides, the characterization proposed by Toolan, Labov (2013) also describes the key concepts in narrative development.This can be used in combination with the theory of expectations and prospection to advance in narration analysis.

III.Description of method

In most of the works by Michael Toolan, the corpus linguistic awareness approach to narrative development is used to critically analyze the narratives for expectation and prospects.This study tries to emulate the same method in analyzing an excerpt from an interview with two groups of participants.Toolan collected data through the collection of pre-published works such as books, and poetry and using them to exemplify the application of his proposed theories as he compared them with other theories.Through his examples, Michael managed to show exactly how the aspects of expectation and prospection can be used to describe the oral and literary features of narratives and how conclusions can be drawn on the existence of narratives.In the works based on various texts by various authors, Toolan carried out in-depth analyses which focused on the subjects of narration.

In the present research, a similar approach was taken to complete the analysis of a narrative type interview, presented in two excerpts.The interviews to be used were recorded during pair work with low proficiency English speakers from Saudi Arabia and Lebanon and another from high proficiency English speakers from England and Australia.Based on the observed and heard features of the interview presentations, the objective was to determine whether the interview excerpts exemplify the characteristics of narration or not.The interview process was carried out while audio recorded for the purpose of later analysis.The interviews were not exactly as expected with the researcher asking questions and the respondents giving answers.The respondents were divided into two groups, one comprising of low proficiency speakers and another comprising of high proficiency English speakers.Each of the pairs was then given a task to complete, where they were expected to enter into a discussion about their activities, countries of origin and pass time activities.

Despite collecting sufficient data to apply in testing the theories of Michael Toolan, the key limitations of the study involved its inabilityto effectively delve into the finer details ofMichael Toolan’s theories.Moreover, the study focused on very few key concepts of the narrative development process as described by Michael Toolan due to the little time that was available for carrying out the study.Consequently, it cannot be said that whatever is presented herein is conclusive in terms of describing Toolan’s theory as well as applying them to the interview data.In addition to this, the methods applied in this study, may not be exactly as described by Michael Toolan since the information is drawn from various sources and application is based on the evaluation of the effectiveness of various combinations of theories for the definition of narratives.

IV.Data Analysis/ Conclusion

The interview analysis process involved the consideration of the two interview excerpts from the points of view of Michael Toolan’s theory involving expectations and prospection and from the point of view of the features described by various Labov (2013).The excerpt from non- native English speakers clearly gives an outlook characteristic of the narrative.The presence of the teller, the tale and the addressee all constitute key characteristics of the narrative.Being pair work, both participants, coded N and B participate in equal measure as tellers and addressees.The tale also revolves around the experiences of both the teller and the addressee, characterized by prompts, presence of negation words and prospection which draw the reader towards expecting more from the communication.Another essential feature of the narrative is the presence of non-randomly connected events such as the stories about different countries and experiences in terms of foods.The presence of the non- randomly connected events form an important aspect of narratives.Such connections also bring about the expectation of the audience who naturally desire to know the outcome of events.

Besides, the random connection of events, the communication portrayed through excerpt 1 indicates the presence of a particular trajectory to the communication.Despite being unclear from the onset and also ending abruptly, the presence of the trajectory is evidenced through the clarity of prompts for participation by the two partners.The partners involved ask questions, report on their ignorance and provide information regarding what their thoughts are.Verbs such as think and know which signal the initialization of narration also prevail in the interview, with the participants using them as keys to initiating new discussions on other topics.While using the structural outlook proposed by Michael Toolan, the excerpt presents several key features of narration and can be said to be conclusively narrative.

Contrary to expectations from the audience, the excerpt from the interview involving native English speakers presents limited characteristics of narration as described by Toolan’s theory (Toolan, 2009).Features such as the presence of core ingredients such as mystery and suspense which constitute effective narration are not evident in the interview excerpt.However, based on the description of Labov (2013)and Toolan (1988) the interview participants have managed to create expectation through the presence of communication gaps, seen through the questions asked and the missing answers in some of the sentences.Consequently, the structural analysis method that is mentioned by Toolan in describing a fully formed narrative in terms of the presentation can be used in critically analyzing the interview excerpt (1999).

Through prompts such as “mmmh…but, maybe the Arabic food is too spicy for you,” the audience is motivated to want to hear more regarding the addresses opinion concerning the spicy Arabic foods.Such prompts when used adequately in any piece of literary presentation bring out a certain degree of thirst for more, which is the objective of narrations.Apart from this, the conversation has a particular trajectory, as opposed to the first excerpt where the conversation moves back and forth.The second excerpt presents a pair of individuals who are aware of the focal point of their conversation and who give it a particular direction through questioning, answering and asking for clarification.All these form essential features of a short story narrative as described by Toolan.When applying the opinion of Labov to this analysis, the development features of narratives are found tocomplement the theories developed by Toolan rather than going contrary to them.It can therefore be said that while the conversation between the non- native speakers presents a narrative characterized by lack of structure and clarity, the second conversation effectively fits the description given by Toolan in defining the narrative from the perspective of expectation and prospection.

References

Huisman, R.(2011).A Review of Michael Toolan’s, Narrative Progression in the Short Story, a corpus stylistic approach.Linguistics and the Human Sciences.

Labov, W.(2013). “A Structural Analysis of Narratives”.Marie Agnes gay University Press

Toolan, M.(2001). Narrative: A Critical Linguistic Introduction 2nd Ed.Psychology Press.

Toolan, M.(1999).New Work on Deixis in Narrative, In  P.Verdonk, et al.(eds)Transcending Boundaries: narratology in Context.Tubingen: Gunter Narr, 147-163.

Toolan, M.(2008). “Narrative Progression in the Short Story: First Steps in a Corpus Stylistic Approach”.Narrative, 16,2.

Toolan, M.(2009).Narrative Progression in the Short Story, a corpus stylistic approach. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

Toolan, M.(2016). Professor Michael Toolan, MA, D.Phil, GDL. University of Birmingham.Retrieved from http://www.birmingham.ac.uk/staff/profiles/elal/toolan-michael.aspx

Sample Essays on Paris Peace Conference best college essay help: best college essay help

Paris Peace Conference

Undoubtedly, the various provisions of the Paris Peace Treaty were not of benefit but rather had the intention of hurting Germany’s economy. First, the treaty acknowledged the fact that Germany was the mastermind of the destruction and damages incurred by its rival nations as well as their subjects. Besides, it can be seen that through its various provisions, the treaty’s primary purpose was to ensure that Germany’s position as a global superpower was to be destroyed. Further, the provisions of the treaty stated that Germans abroad were not allowed to keep and maintain their old relations in foreign countries and of helping Germany regain a significant share in the economic world. The treaty’s provisions also highlighted that Germany’s property abroad was to be confiscated and liquidated, and instead of being restored to the country, it would be used for reparation (“Comments of the German Delegation to the Paris Peace Conference on the Conditions of Peace,” 1919). Therefore, these perspectives underline how the provisions of the treaty impacted adversely on the economic growth of Germany.

President Wilson had earlier believed in a principle that would ensure equality among countries and unrestricted participation of countries in various international programs. An application of this principle would ensure that the solidarity of human interests is respected. In the case of Germany, had this principle been applied, it would have been treated differently as a country because it would have cooperated in the framing of the Covenant of the League of Nations. Besides, an application of the principle attributed to President Wilson would ensure that Germany becomes one of the countries to join the League of Nations, although this did not come to pass as a result of the failure to apply President Wilson’s principle.

The document in focus appeals to a higher fundamental law, which would help strengthen German assertions. This fundamental law is that which stresses and defends the right of self-determination, which would make it possible for every nation including Germany, to thrive economically and politically without interference from other countries.

Arguably, every person reading the document would be in agreement with the argument that Germany was being treated poorly. A fact which underlines Germany’s poor treatment is that Germans abroad were not allowed to maintain or keep old relations in foreign countries and that of helping Germany regain a significant share in world commerce. Besides, the confiscation and liquidation of Germany’s property, which was then used for reparation rather than being restored to the country, indicates how Germany was being treated poorly. Also, the treaty supported the cession of Alsace-Lorraine, which was part of Germany, without consulting the German population and almost two million Germans were to be forced from their land to pave the way for invasion by foreigners (“Comments of the German Delegation to the Paris Peace Conference on the Conditions of Peace,” 1919).

In response to the complaints of the authors of the document, the defenders of the treaty might have made attempts to uphold and defend the right of self-determination, which would have seen Germany, like every other free nation, thrive economically, politically, and embrace internal policies that would pave the way for harmonious and peaceful living. In essence, the peace treaty signed was against the development of Germany as it allowed interference from the governments of the Allied and Associated Powers.

Reference

Comments of the German Delegation to the Paris Peace Conference on the Conditions of Peace. (October, 1919). http://college.cengage.com/history/primary_sources/world/conditions_of_peace.htm

Sample Research Paper on Unemployment my assignment essay help london: my assignment essay help london

Unemployment

Types of Unemployment

The causes and effects of unemployment differ, depending on the type of unemployment. Towards this end, four types of unemployment are discussed as below:

Frictional unemployment

This refers to the period when an individual is switching jobs, or between one job and another. Frictional unemployment happens due to a discrepancy between jobs and the workers based on such issues as taste and preferences, skills set, attitude, and payment, among others (García and Sorolla 8). One of the main influences of frictional unemployment is an individual’s voluntary decision to take a certain job depending on the value attached to it in comparison with the current wage rates, effort and time needed to find such a job.

Structural unemployment

This type of unemployment is concerned with the inefficiencies that characterize a labor market, along with the structural problems that bedevil the economy. When the labor market fails to deliver enough jobs for all individuals in search of employment, this triggers structural unemployment (The Economist n.p.). This could happen because the skills possessed by the unemployed workers do not match the skills required to do the available jobs. Ongoing cyclical unemployment is likely to trigger structural unemployment. For instance, prolonged unemployment rates in the economy could end up frustrating those in search of jobs and they fail to update their skill. Consequently, their skills become obsolescent.

Cyclical unemployment

This type of unemployment occurs because the economy lacks sufficient aggregate demand for jobs to all in need of work (The Economist n.p.). This is likely to happen in an economy that is experiencing a decline in demand for goods, meaning that there is a decline in the level of production required and by extension, the number of workers needed to produce goods.

Seasonal unemployment

This type of unemployment happens when people are out of work at certain times of the year, such as when school closes, or during off-season (The Economist n.p.) in the case of industries like the tourism sector.

The Natural Rate of Unemployment

The Natural Rate of Unemployment refers to the rate of unemployment in the economy at a time when the labor market is in a state of equilibrium. In other words, it is that level at which the rate of unemployment in the economy is expected to remain regardless of the considerable impact of monetary policy. The natural rate of unemployment is mainly influenced by supply side factors more than by the demand side factors (McGinty n.p.). It therefore entails both structural unemployment and frictional unemployment. Several institutional factors influence the Natural rate of unemployment, including the availability of information about a job, quality of education and training, an individual’s level of occupational mobility, the level of labor mobility and how flexible the labor market is.

Inclusions and Exclusions in the National Unemployment Rates

The national unemployment rate refers to the percentage number of workers in the labor force who are without work. The national unemployment rate is calculated by conducting surveys to collect information about workers’ employment, earnings and hours (McGinty n.p.). People who are in school full-time, the retired, those working in homes or the disabled are often excluded as part of the labor force while calculating the national rate on unemployment. On the other hand, individuals who claim in the national surveys conducted to be actively involved in searching for jobs are regarded as unemployed.

Works Cited

García, José G and Sorolla, Valeri. Frictional and Non-Frictional Unemployment in Models with

            Matching Frictions. April 2013. 20 June 2017.

https://www.uam.es/otros/jaeet13/comunicaciones/14_Macroeconomia_y_MT1/Garcia_

Sorolla.pdf

McGinty, Craven. What the Unemployment Rate Shows. March 4, 2016. 20 June 2017.

https://www.wsj.com/articles/what-the-unemployment-rate-shows-1457106385

The Economist. The three types of unemployment. 18, Aug. 2014. 20 June 2017.

http://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2014/08/economist-explains-8

Sample Paper on Clinical Manifestations of Molluscum contagiosum university essay help

Microbiology and clinical manifestations of Molluscum contagiosum

            Individuals infected with Molluscum contagiosum show signs of chronic infections limited to particular parts of the body. The illness is caused by viruses that affect the skin, causing irritation and it advances with time. The individuals suffering from the ailment show raised parts of the skin in the affected areas as this is how the virus manifests itself. Upon treatment, the part that was infected is hardly recognized because the raised parts do not leave scars. In some cases, the individuals may not seek treatment and the raised sections may disappear on their own (Bennett, Dolin, Blaser 20)1. However, for the virus to be inactive, it may take different time ranging from two months to four years depending on the strength of the individual’s immunity. To prevent the illness, personal hygiene is recommended because the illness is mainly spread through contact with contaminated items, such as towels. One may also contract the virus if they have direct contact with infected persons. It is common with human beings of all age groups, but it is mostly observed in people who are involved on unprotected sex and young children. This paper discusses the nature of the virus that causes Molluscum contagiosum and the symptoms and signs that infected individuals show.

Microbiology of Molluscum contagiosum

The virus that causes the disease is referred to as Molluscum contagiosum, and it is only found in human beings. Based on its chemical structure, the virus is classified under the poxvirus, implying that it affects both vertebrate and invertebrate. However, it has only been observed in human beings. The virus has a complex non-segmented structure that contains OPV protein, useful during the replication process. Molluscum contagiosum is disease is communicable through different means such as getting into contact with fomites and having unprotected sex with persons who are infected with the Molluscum contagiosum virus. The incubation period normally ranges between 14 to 42 days, and it mainly targets the outer layer of the skin.  The viral infection spreads due to replication of the virus. The cytoplasm of the affected cells plays a primary role in enhancing the spread of the disease.  Once the reproduction occurs, a large body of cells known as Molluscum is formed. This is mostly common in the granular layer of the epidermis as well as the thin outer layer.  During the replication phase, thecells in the epidermal basal layer increase twice as much due to the rapid cell division, but the process occurs gradually.  The chances of being infected with the Molluscum contagiosum virus are determined by personal hygiene as well as the health status of individuals.  People who are infected with HIV virus are at a very high risk of being infected with the Molluscum contagiosum virus due to the low immunity in their system.  This implies that once they are exposed to the virus, their weak immune system is unable to respond effectively. About 60% of infections in these individuals is caused by the Molluscum contagiosum virus (Thompson et al.8)2. A study involving 29% of HIV positive individuals conducted in Australia indicates that the most common cause of skin infections among the individuals is Molluscum contagiosum 2 (Thompson et al. 3)2. The study also concluded that there is no significant link between the gender if individuals to the disease. This implies that any individual who is exposed to the virus has an equal chance of being infected, except the HIV positive individuals who have higher chances.

Clinical manifestations of Molluscum contagiosum

Clinical manifestations of an illness are the signs that or the symptoms that the infected patients complain about a certain disease.  For the Molluscum contagiosum, the clinical manifestations are mainly observable but painless lesions.In the beginning the lesions that are observed on the skin are just minute papules and they may be found in one or two areas of the skin. They may begin as one tiny lesion but in most cases they are more and the number keeps on increasing as the disease advances. The dome-shaped lesions measure between two and five millimeters in diameter. On looking at the papules, one notices that they have a small depression that looks like navel and they have a caseous plug (Chen, Anstey and Bugert 879)3. The diagrams below show how the disease manifests itself differently in different individuals.

In the above image, the individual only suffers from the lesions that are not widespread, but as the disease advances, the lesions increase and it may also cause eczema. The diagram below shows the lesions of an individual who has also developed eczema. Research indicates that about 10% of individuals who are infected withMolluscum contagiosum develop eczema as well (Porter et al. 564)4. Such individuals may show signs such as cracked skin at the infected areas and the akin becomes itchy and dry.

One of the features that distinguish the lesions in the disease is the umblicated nature of the lesions, but this is not always the case. In some instances, the lesions may be large and the umblication may not be well pronounced. This is the case in the diagram below where one develops a large lesion with several molluscum bodies (Murdoch et al. 610)5.

It takes the virus between two and six weeks to manifest itself through the lesions on the skin. This implies that oen may not be aware of the illness until the six weeks. The lesions are not painful and they are firm and dome-shaped. In adults, the manifestation is mostly common on the abdomen and the genitals.  To be safe from the Molluscum contagiosum virus, one should avoid sharing personal effects such as towels.

References

Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ. Principles and practice of infectious diseases. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2014 Aug 28.
Thompson CH, Zwart‐Steffe D, Rita T, Biggs IM. Molecular epidemiology of Australian isolates of molluscum contagiosum. Journal of medical virology. 1990 Sep 1;32(1):1-9.
Chen X, Anstey AV, Bugert JJ. Molluscum contagiosum virus infection. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2013 Oct 31;13(10):877-88.
Porter CD, Muhlemann MF, Cream JJ, Archard LC. Molluscum contagiosum: characterization of viral DNA and clinical features. Epidemiology and infection. 1987 Oct 1;99(02):563-6.
Murdoch DM, Venter WD, Feldman C, Van Rie A. Incidence and risk factors for the immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in HIV patients in South Africa: a prospective study. Aids. 2008 Mar 12;22(5):601-10.

Sample Paper on The Chipotle Mexican Grill (CMG) Company online essay help: online essay help

Chipotle Mexican Grill Analysis

Case Summary

Steve Ells founded Chipotle Mexican Grill (CMG) in 1993 when he first opened the first restaurant in Denver, Colorado. The company went public in 2006, and it became listed on the New York Stock Exchange (Chipotle.com). As at 31 December 2015, CMG was operating 2,010 establishments in different geographical areas. These include 1,971 in the United States, 11 in Canada, 7 in London, England and 4 in Paris, France and 1 in Germany. It has also opened 13 additional ShopHouse Southeast Asian Kitchen restaurants that serve food inspired by Asian Cuisines. There are also three Pizzeria Local restaurants. The Chipotle Mexican Grill restaurants serve a limited menu of high-quality tacos, burrito bowls, Burritos, and Salads. To increase the market share, Chipotle has introduced the organic products approach due to the rising demand for pasture-raised animals (Chipotle Mexican Grill, Inc. 4). In 2015, CMG encountered a huge crisis after the Norovirus and E-coli virus that negatively affected the company’s revenues and growth (Chipotle contends with E. coli and norovirus outbreaks. par.2)

CMG Vision, Mission, and Values

CMG values focus on the using ingredients and cooking techniques of high quality to offer great food to all people at reasonable prices. The company strives to find out where all its ingredients are sourced to promote local farmers in their job of growing sustainable and naturally raised products that meet the goals of its mission statement, “Food with Integrity.”  The mission statement means that CMG objectives are to offer the best sustainably raised food possible, provide support to farmers who are devoted to their animals and land and use meat from animals raised in a natural manner whenever it is possible (Chipotle Mexican Grill, Inc. 6).

External Audit

Opportunities

There is rising demand for sustainable food that surpasses the supply in the market, and the consumers of socially sustainable foods are wealthier as compared to typical fast food consumers. 57 % of adults between 18 and 29 years eat fast food, at least, weekly; this is the most often as compared to other consumer groups. The millennial forms a large segment for fast casual and quick service restaurants. Millennial use of their mobile technological devices to get information for their health and fitness choices and 85 percent of persons between the age of 18 to 34 years shop on the internet. The fast casual segment has grown every year since the economic recession of 2009 from 4% to 8% as compared to the quick service whose growth has remained stagnant. Fast casual restaurants report an average purchase value of $ 7.40 as compared to the 5.30 average for quick service restaurants (Maze 38).

Threats

There are many requirements to comply within the industry that vary from country to country. These requirements include the regulations on food quality and hygiene, labeling and labor regulations. There is high competition in international markets from the fast casual restaurants outside the Mexican food category since the market for Mexican fast casual items is undeveloped. Market conditions and weather changes cause shortages for sustainable ingredients resulting in increased prices for ingredients like beef, dairy and chicken products (Simpson 38).

EFE Matrix

Opportunities
Weight
Rating
Weighted Score

1
Rising demand for sustainable food that surpasses the supply in the market.
0.4
3
1.2

2
Millennial use of their mobile technological devices to get information for their health and fitness choices and 85 percent of persons between the age of 18 to 34 years shop on the internet.

 
0.25
3
0.75

3
The fast casual segment has grown every year since the economic recession of 2009 from 4% to 8% as compared to the quick service whose growth has remained stagnant. Fast casual restaurants report an average purchase value of $ 7.40 as compared to the 5.30 average for quick service restaurants.
0.35
4
1.4

Weaknesses
Weight
Rating
Weighted Score

1
There are many requirements to comply within the industry that vary from country to country.
0.4
4
1.6

2
There is high competition in international markets from the fast casual restaurants outside the Mexican food category since the market for Mexican fast casual items is undeveloped.

 
0.25
4
1

3
Market conditions and weather changes cause shortages for sustainable ingredients resulting in increased prices for ingredients like beef, dairy and chicken products.
0.35
3
1.05

Competitive Profile Matrix

 
 
Chipotle Mexican Grill
Taco Bell Corp
Qdoba Restaurants

Critical success factors
Weight
Rating
Score
Rating
Score
Rating Score
Score

1
Use of sustainable ingredients
0.15
4
0.6
3
0.45
4
0.6

2
Well established supply chains
0.05
2
0.1
3
0.15
3
0.15

3
Quality of the food
0.13
1
0.13
4
0.52
4
0.52

4
Varieties of food in the Menu
0.06
1
0.06
1
0.06
4
0.24

5
Adaptation to different customers tastes and preferences
0.09
1
0.09
1
0.09
 
0.09

6
Using technology to enhance customer experience
0.09
4
0.36
4
0.36
3
0.27

7
Expansion to international markets
0.13
4
0.52
1
0.13
3
0.39

8
Financial strength
0.1
4
0.1
3
0.3
3
0.3

 
Environmental sustainability in restaurants construction designs
0.05
4
0.2
2
0.1
2
0.1

9
Location of the restaurants
0.05
4
0.2
3
0.15
2
0.1

10
Targeted segment of consumers
0.1
4
0.4
4
0.4
3
0.3

 
Totals
 
 
2.76
 
2.71
 
3.06

Internal Audit

Strengths

Chipotle Company has undergone rapid growth since its public offering in 2006. It has 2,010 restaurants with a huge presence in the U.S and Canada, and it plans to open about 220-235 new restaurants this year. In all markets, Chipotle restaurants are located in urban centers with high foot traffic, neighborhoods with high household incomes and locations with businesses, tourist attractions and schools (Czaplewski, et al. 7). These have contributed to its good financial growth enabling it to generate solid cash flows, avoid debts and maintain a strong balance sheet. CMG cash and cash equivalents as at January 1, 2016, were more than $1 billion. The targeted market segments of millennial between the ages of 18-34 years are less price sensitive as compared with other consumer groups and they identify with CMG philosophy of “Food with Integrity.” The company’s commitment to sustainability that is reflected in its operations by selecting organic ingredients and using materials that are environmentally conscious in their stores (Chipotle Mexican Grill, Inc. SWOT Analysis 5).

Weaknesses

In the last quarter of 2015, Chipotle restaurants in the U.S suffered from outbreak cases of norovirus and E.coli across the country disrupting in the establishments’ growth (Chipotle contends with E. coli and norovirus outbreaks. par.3). The company that has been built on the motto of Food With Integrity is now facing a tough challenge of defending the safety and quality of its food and gain consumers confidence once more. Due to the shortages of supplies of sustainably raised ingredients, the company has been forced to sources conventionally raised beef and chicken sometimes compromising the quality of its food (Glassman 22). They have also been increasing the prices of their products, for instance, an increase in the price of their menu was announced in April 2014 due to the rising costs of cheese, avocados, and steak. Chipotle restaurants have a focused menu that has made it impossible to adopt a menu with local tastes and preferences, especially in the international markets. Its competitors like Yum! Brands restaurants have tailored their menu to local customs by changing to local flavors and ingredients (Chipotle Mexican Grill, Inc. SWOT Analysis 8)

IFE Matrix

Strengths
Weight
Rating
Weighted Score

1
Rapid growth reflected by the increase in the number of stores in the U.S and internationally as well as the financial strength.
0.4
4
1.6

2
A culture of commitment to sustainability resulting in the use of organic ingredients and environment sustainable materials in construction designs.
0.3
3
0.9

3
Targeting the right segment of the millennials in the fast casual industry, that is wealthier and more conscious of their health choices.
0.3
4
1.2

Weaknesses
Weight
Rating
Weighted Score

1
In the last quarter of 2015, Chipotle restaurants in the U.S suffered from outbreak cases of norovirus and E.coli across the country disrupting in the establishments’ growth.
0.4
4
1.6

2
Shortage in the supplies of sustainable ingredients for the restaurants has led to use of conventional products at times and an increase in food prices
0.35
2
0.7

3
Chipotle has failed in adapting to the tastes and preferences of the consumers in the international markets where the Mexican cuisines are not common.
0.25
3
0.75

SWOT Matrix

Chipotle Mexican Grill
Strengths –S

·      Rapid growth

·      Commitment to sustainability

·      The right target segment of millennial
Weaknesses –W

·      Compromised food quality

·      Increase in food prices

·      Products failure to adapt to local tastes and preferences

Opportunities  -O

·      Rising demand for sustainable products

·      Increase in the use of technological devices

·      Higher growth in the fast casual industry
SO strategies

·   Increase the number of restaurants internationally using the created wealth (S1).

·   Invest in technological innovations that to enhance customer experience among millennials’ (S2).
WO strategies

·      Increase social media marketing to restore consumer (S3) confidence in the quality of their products.

·      Introduce more products in the international markets to satisfy diverse customers’ needs (S4).

Threats – T

·      Regulations and requirements in the industry

·      High competition in international markets from non-Mexican cuisines

·      Shortage of sustainable products
ST strategies

·      Establishing reliable supply chains (S5).

·      Invest in educating and raising awareness among their staff for the existing requirements and regulations in the industry (S6).
WT strategies

·      Use the existing regulations to ensure the quality of food products is guaranteed (S7).

·      Establish reliable supply chains that ensure the price of their products is not increased (S8).

QSPM Matrix -Strategies 1-4

 
 
S-1
S-2
S-3
S-4

S
W
AS
TAS
AS
TAS
AS
TAS
AS
TAS

Rapid growth
0.4
4
1.6
3
1.2
2
0.8
4
1.6

Commitment to sustainability
0.3
2
0.6
3
1.8
4
1.2
0
0

Have the right target segment of millennial
0.3
0
0
4
0
4
1.2
0
0

Total
1
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Weaknesses
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Compromised food quality
0.4
0
0
3
1.2
4
1.6
0
0

Increase in food prices
0.35
2
0.7
3
1.05
3
1.05
0
0

Products failure to adapt to local tastes and preferences
0.25
0
0
0
0
1
0.25
4
1

Total
1
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 O
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Rising demand for sustainable products
0.4
4
1.6
1
0.4
0
0
0
0

Increase in the use of technological devices
0.25
2
0.5
3
0.75
3
0.75
0
0

Higher growth in the fast casual industry
0.35
3
1.05
0
0
0
0
2
0.7

T
1
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Regulations and requirements in the industry
0.4
0
0
3
1.2
4
1.6
0
0

High competition in international markets from non-Mexican cuisines
0.25
0
0
2
0.5
2
0.5
4
1

Shortage of sustainable products
0.35
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Total
1
 
6.05
 
8.1
 
8.95
 
4.3

QSPM Matrix –Strategies 5-8

 
 
S-5
S-6
S-7
S-8

Strengths
W
AS
TAS
AS
TAS
AS
TAS
AS
TAS

Rapid growth
0.4
4
1.6
4
1.6
4
1.6
4
1.6

Commitment to sustainability
0.3
3
0.9
4
1.2
4
1.2
3
0.9

The right target segment of millennial
0.3
2
0.6
3
0.9
4
1.2
4
1.2

Total
1
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Weaknesses
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Compromised food quality
0.4
3
1.2
4
1.6
4
1.6
3
1.2

Increase in food prices
0.35
3
1.05
2
0.7
1
0.35
4
1.4

Products failure to adapt to local tastes and preferences
0.25
1
0.25
0
0
0
0
0
0

Total
1
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 Opportunities
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Rising demand for sustainable products
0.4
3
1.2
2
0.8
2
0.8
2
0.8

Increase in the use of technological devices
0.25
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Higher growth in the fast casual industry
0.35
3
1.05
1
0.35
2
0.7
2
0.7

Threats
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Regulations and requirements in the industry
0.4
1
0.4
4
1.6
4
1.6
2
0.8

High competition in international markets from non-Mexican cuisines
0.25
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Shortage of sustainable products
0.35
4
1.4
0
0
0
0
4
1.4

Total
1
 
9.65
 
8.75
 
9.05
 
10

Financial Analysis

The common size income statements analysis indicate a decline in Chipotle the revenues in the year 2015. The cost of revenue increased from 72.79% in 2014 to 73.91% in 2015 resulting in a decrease of the gross margin from 27.21% to 26.09%. Selling, General, and Administration expenses reduced from 6.67 % in w2014 to 5.56% in 2015. The non-recurring expenses remained the same and the loss on disposal of assets increased by 0.46 % while other operating expenses increased by 0.21%. The operating incomes reduced from 17.3% to 16.96% and the incomes before taxes reduced by 0.29%. The net incomes in 2015 were less than the 2014 net incomes by 0.27%. According to the Comparative analysis income statements, there was an increase in the gross margin by 5.06%. The loss on the disposal of assets had a significant increase of 89.13 percent. The selling general and administration expenses reduced by 8.65% while the net incomes increased by 6.78% (NASDAQ n.p). The profitability ratios illustrate a decline in the profitability of the company in 2015. The net profit margin has reduced from 10.84 percent to 10.57 percent. The asset turnover ratio has reduced from 1.8 to 1.7 percent while the return on assets has reduced from 19.55 percent to 18.04 percent. The growth ratios illustrate a significant reduction in the growth of the Company’s revenues, operating incomes, net incomes and earnings per share (Morningstar n.p)

Long-term objectives

The first long-term objective is to establish a reliable source of suppliers that will serve in the local and international markets. This objective will help in ensuring that Chipotle restaurants obtain all the suppliers that they require. It will also play the role of ensuring that the quality of the food is maintained. This objective will be supported by a cooperative strategy whereby the company can form an alliance with its suppliers to improve the quality and quantity of their produce. They can make investments in the farms that supply their ingredients ensuring a stable supply and quality of these ingredients. A reliable supply chain should be established in each of the international markets reducing the costs of transferring ingredients from the suppliers in the U.S to the international markets. Similar alliances should be made with suppliers in the international markets to ensure the quality and enough quantity for ingredients are maintained at all times. Chipotle will also enforce the rules and regulations in the industry that guide the production of sustainable suppliers to ensure the quality of the ingredients sourced from suppliers. The benchmarks that can be used to measure the progress is the percentage increase in the volume of supplies, reduction in the cost of making their food and improved consumers loyalty.

The other objective is to come up with other sources of revenues for CMG. Revenues currently obtained are mainly from four menu items accounting for 95% of the company’s revenues. This implies that its diversification is low even if it has launched the ShopHouse Asian Kitchen and the investment in Pizzeria Locale. The businesses are still very young and do not make many contributions to CMG revenues. Thus, the Company can diversify more by investing in different businesses or expanding the Chipotle concept to other cuisines. The proposed strategy for this objective is diversification strategy that will allow the company to introduce a variety of food items in the company’s menu by offering different cuisines especially in the international markets where the Mexican cuisines are not very common. The new products will help to meet the tastes and preferences of all its customers and compete effectively with its competitors. Social media marketing will be used to market the new products in the markets. Alternatively, CMG can invest in other already established restaurants that offer other kinds of cuisines to their customers. The investments can be in the form of acquisitions, joint ventures or buying shares in those companies. The benchmarks that will be used to measure progress is the amount of revenues obtained from additional food items added to their menu and increased consumer awareness of the new products reflected by their comments on social media platforms.

The third objective is the expansion of CMG operations to other international markets and particularly to the developing nations. Currently, the company huge presence is in the U.S and Canada and a few Europe nations. Developing nation’s strategy is the proposed strategy for this objective. The lack of popularity of the Mexican cuisines in various countries provides an opportunity for Chipotle to enter new markets for their main food items. This is especially the case for Asian and African countries that do not have major restaurants specializing in Mexican cuisines. CMG should take advantage of the growth of the economies in these developing nations like China. This is because as the economies grow the households, disposable incomes also increase allowing its targeted segment of persons between the age of 18-34 years to spend more in healthy food choices. Technological advancements and the rise in the use of mobile devices in these nations will also enable CMG to market their products easily and enhance customers’ experiences. The benchmarks to ensure progress for this strategy are the amount of revenues obtained by entering into new markets and the number of new restaurants that are launched in the new markets.

Works Cited

“Chipotle contends with E. coli and norovirus outbreaks.” The Food Institute Report 2015: General OneFile. Web. 4 Apr. 2016.

“Chipotle Mexican Grill, Inc. SWOT Analysis.” Chipotle Mexican Grill, Inc. SWOT Analysis (2015): 1-8. Business Source Complete. Web. 4 Apr. 2016.

“Chipotle Mexican Grill, Inc.” Chipotle Mexican Grill, Inc. Marketline Company Profile (2015): 1-24. Business Source Complete. Web. 4 Apr. 2016.

Chipotle.com. Chipotle Mexican Grill, 2016. Web, 3 Apr. 2008.

Czaplewski, Andrew J., Eric M. Olson, and Peggy Mcnulty. “GOING GREEN Puts Chipotle in The Black.” Marketing News48.3 (2014): 30-37. Business Source Complete. Web. 4 Apr. 2016.

Glassman, James K. “Feast On Restaurant Stocks.” Kiplinger’s Personal Finance 69.10 (2015): 20-22. Business Source Complete. Web. 4 Apr. 2016.

Maze, Jonathan. “Chipotle’s Mission And Tactics Revolutionize Restaurant Industry.” Nation’s Restaurant News 49.13 (2015): 36-38. Business Source Complete. Web. 4 Apr. 2016.

Morningstar. Chipotle Mexican Grill Inc Class A, 2016. Web, 3 Apr 2016

Nasdaq. CMG Company Financials, 2016. Web 3 Apr.2008

Simpson, Sondra. “Chipotle Mexican Grill Inc.: Strategy With A Higher Mission Or Farmed And Dangerous?” Journal of Case Studies 2 (2015): 38. Academic OneFile. Web. 4 Apr. 2016.

Sample Book Review on “The Play of Art” by George Gadamer law essay help

How does George Gadamer in The Play of Art explain the “play drive?”

George Gadamer is a philosophy expert with particular interest and expertise in the philosophy tradition of hermeneutic. He pursues the playful character of art in his “The Play of Art”. In the reading, the author investigates how a play can be used to understand art.

In “The Play of Art”, Gadamer refers to “play-drive” as the need to play which depicts the thin line separating humans and animals? According to him, unlike the previous misconceptions, “Play drive” is influenced significantly by natural phenomenon. Gadamer reasserts that the decisions to play as any other decisions made by human beings are not entirely decided through free will. He states that other forces like compulsive drives, interests, and other unconscious factors influence people’s decisions which include play. For instance, Gadamer gives an example that artists too, paint for the expression of “play drive”. According to Gadamer,despite the human thoughts that they play “at something” unlike children and animals who play “with something”, the two are related. He argues that we mimic nature and the natural human existence structure through play.

According to Gadamer, there is a relation between play and communication. He states that play as an imitative representation can act as a communication medium when taken as a pure representation without any changes. Understanding play as mimetic representation seeks to be understood in its kind but not only to be believed. However, he reasserts that for a play to act as a communicator, it must be understood by the one who the information is intendedto; otherwise, it will seem like any other form of play. He states that for mimic representation to parlay as communication, both the sender and the recipient must have the full grasp of the matter at hand. Artistic representations, according to Gadamer are simply appearances or shows that communicate something. As such, play as a product of natur